Fix OnLastUpdate Callback Skipped Without NonTile

.gitignore

@@ -32,9 +32,11 @@ Thumbs.db
 desktop.ini
 
 ## Agent Metadata
-.antigravitycli/
-.agent/
-GEMINI.md
+/.antigravitycli/
+/.agent/
+/GEMINI.md
+/.mcp.json
+/CLAUDE.md
 
 # Decompiled Game Code
 *.cs.txt
@@ -43,3 +45,7 @@ GEMINI.md
 /AsyncInputAutoplayFix.md
 /AudioMixerExplanation.md
 /O5Theme.md
+
+# Developer Utility Files
+/REVIEW_CHECKLIST.md
+/REVIEW_FFMPEG.md

API/FrameHookContext.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,302 @@
+using System;
+using System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis;
+using UnityEngine;
+using UnityEngine.Rendering;
+
+namespace ADOFAIRenderer.API;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Execution context provided to frame modification hooks, managing GPU ping-pong double buffering.
+/// </summary>
+/// <remarks>
+/// <para>
+/// <b>Zero-Allocation Notice:</b> For maximum performance on the render hot path, the pipeline reuses context instances
+/// across frames. Do not cache the context instance itself across frames.
+/// </para>
+/// <para>
+/// <b>Execution Frequency Notice:</b> This hook is executed only when a frame is captured for video encoding.
+/// When <c>RenderFPS</c> exceeds <c>VideoFPS</c>, intermediate game rendering frames are skipped and the hook
+/// will <b>not</b> be invoked on every rendered game frame.
+/// </para>
+/// </remarks>
+[SuppressMessage("ReSharper", "UnusedType.Global")]
+[SuppressMessage("ReSharper", "UnusedMember.Global")]
+[SuppressMessage("ReSharper", "MemberCanBePrivate.Global")]
+[SuppressMessage("ReSharper", "UnusedAutoPropertyAccessor.Global")]
+public class FrameHookContext
+{
+    private RenderTexture _originalSource = null!;
+    private RenderTexture _pingRT = null!;
+    private RenderTexture _pongRT = null!;
+
+    private RenderTexture _currentSource = null!;
+    private RenderTexture _currentDestination = null!;
+    private bool _hasModified;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The input <see cref="RenderTexture"/> containing the rendered frame before the current pass.
+    /// </summary>
+    public RenderTexture Source => _currentSource;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The writable destination <see cref="RenderTexture"/> for the current pass.
+    /// </summary>
+    public RenderTexture Destination => _currentDestination;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The active <see cref="RenderTexture"/> representing the current state of the modified frame.
+    /// </summary>
+    public RenderTexture Current => _currentSource;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The original unmodified render texture captured from the game for the current frame before any hooks were applied.
+    /// </summary>
+    public RenderTexture OriginalSource => _originalSource;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Indicates whether any modifications or swaps have been applied to this frame.
+    /// </summary>
+    public bool HasModified => _hasModified;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The sequential 0-based index of the video frame currently being encoded.
+    /// </summary>
+    public long FrameIndex { get; private set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Alias for <see cref="FrameIndex"/>. The sequential 0-based index of the video frame.
+    /// </summary>
+    public long VideoFrameIndex => FrameIndex;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The sequential 0-based index of the game render frame.
+    /// </summary>
+    public long RenderFrameIndex { get; private set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The timestamp of the current frame in seconds relative to video start.
+    /// </summary>
+    public double VideoTime { get; private set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The delta time duration in seconds of a single video frame (equivalent to 1.0 / VideoFPS).
+    /// </summary>
+    public double DeltaTime => VideoFPS > 0 ? 1.0 / VideoFPS : 0.0;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The width of the frame in pixels.
+    /// </summary>
+    public int Width => _currentSource.width;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The height of the frame in pixels.
+    /// </summary>
+    public int Height => _currentSource.height;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The configured render frames per second.
+    /// </summary>
+    public double RenderFPS { get; private set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The output video frames per second.
+    /// </summary>
+    public double VideoFPS { get; private set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The number of successful modification passes completed for the current frame.
+    /// </summary>
+    public int PassCount { get; private set; }
+
+    internal FrameHookContext(
+        RenderTexture originalSource,
+        RenderTexture pingRT,
+        RenderTexture pongRT,
+        RenderTexture firstDestination,
+        long frameIndex,
+        long renderFrameIndex,
+        double videoTime,
+        double renderFps,
+        double videoFps)
+    {
+        Reset(originalSource, pingRT, pongRT, firstDestination, frameIndex, renderFrameIndex, videoTime, renderFps, videoFps);
+    }
+
+    internal void Reset(
+        RenderTexture originalSource,
+        RenderTexture pingRT,
+        RenderTexture pongRT,
+        RenderTexture firstDestination,
+        long frameIndex,
+        long renderFrameIndex,
+        double videoTime,
+        double renderFps,
+        double videoFps)
+    {
+        _originalSource = originalSource;
+        _pingRT = pingRT;
+        _pongRT = pongRT;
+
+        _currentSource = originalSource;
+        _currentDestination = firstDestination;
+        _hasModified = false;
+        PassCount = 0;
+
+        FrameIndex = frameIndex;
+        RenderFrameIndex = renderFrameIndex;
+        VideoTime = videoTime;
+        RenderFPS = renderFps;
+        VideoFPS = videoFps;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Blits from <see cref="Source"/> to <see cref="Destination"/> using the specified <see cref="Material"/> and automatically swaps ping-pong buffers.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="material">The material containing the shader to apply, or <c>null</c> for a standard copy.</param>
+    /// <param name="pass">The shader pass index to use, or -1 to execute all passes.</param>
+    public void Blit(Material? material = null, int pass = -1)
+    {
+        if (material != null)
+        {
+            if (pass >= 0)
+                Graphics.Blit(_currentSource, _currentDestination, material, pass);
+            else
+                Graphics.Blit(_currentSource, _currentDestination, material);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            Graphics.Blit(_currentSource, _currentDestination);
+        }
+
+        Swap();
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Blits from a custom source <see cref="Texture"/> to <see cref="Destination"/> using the specified <see cref="Material"/> and automatically swaps ping-pong buffers.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="customSource">The custom source texture to blit from.</param>
+    /// <param name="material">The material containing the shader to apply, or <c>null</c> for a standard copy.</param>
+    /// <param name="pass">The shader pass index to use, or -1 to execute all passes.</param>
+    /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException">Thrown when <paramref name="customSource"/> is null.</exception>
+    public void Blit(Texture customSource, Material? material = null, int pass = -1)
+    {
+        if (customSource == null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(customSource));
+
+        if (material != null)
+        {
+            if (pass >= 0)
+                Graphics.Blit(customSource, _currentDestination, material, pass);
+            else
+                Graphics.Blit(customSource, _currentDestination, material);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            Graphics.Blit(customSource, _currentDestination);
+        }
+
+        Swap();
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Copies the contents of <see cref="Source"/> into <see cref="Destination"/> without swapping buffers.
+    /// Call this before drawing custom overlays into <see cref="Destination"/> if you wish to preserve the background.
+    /// </summary>
+    public void Copy()
+    {
+        Graphics.Blit(_currentSource, _currentDestination);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Clears <see cref="Destination"/> with the specified color.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="clearColor">The color to clear with, or <c>null</c> for <see cref="Color.clear"/>.</param>
+    public void ClearDestination(Color? clearColor = null)
+    {
+        var prev = RenderTexture.active;
+        try
+        {
+            RenderTexture.active = _currentDestination;
+            GL.Clear(false, true, clearColor ?? Color.clear);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            RenderTexture.active = prev;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Temporarily activates <see cref="Destination"/> as <see cref="RenderTexture.active"/> to perform custom draw calls,
+    /// safely restoring the previous active RenderTexture afterwards.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="drawAction">The action that performs custom draw operations.</param>
+    /// <param name="autoSwap">If <c>true</c> (default), automatically calls <see cref="Swap"/> after drawing.</param>
+    /// <param name="preserveBackground">If <c>true</c>, copies <see cref="Source"/> into <see cref="Destination"/> before executing <paramref name="drawAction"/>.</param>
+    /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException">Thrown when <paramref name="drawAction"/> is null.</exception>
+    public void DrawToDestination(Action drawAction, bool autoSwap = true, bool preserveBackground = false)
+    {
+        if (drawAction == null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(drawAction));
+
+        if (preserveBackground)
+        {
+            Copy();
+        }
+
+        var prev = RenderTexture.active;
+        try
+        {
+            RenderTexture.active = _currentDestination;
+            drawAction();
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            RenderTexture.active = prev;
+        }
+
+        if (autoSwap)
+        {
+            Swap();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Executes a <see cref="CommandBuffer"/> against the GPU and optionally swaps buffers.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="commandBuffer">The command buffer to execute.</param>
+    /// <param name="autoSwap">If <c>true</c> (default), automatically calls <see cref="Swap"/> after execution.</param>
+    /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException">Thrown when <paramref name="commandBuffer"/> is null.</exception>
+    public void ExecuteCommandBuffer(CommandBuffer commandBuffer, bool autoSwap = true)
+    {
+        if (commandBuffer == null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(commandBuffer));
+        Graphics.ExecuteCommandBuffer(commandBuffer);
+        if (autoSwap)
+        {
+            Swap();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Swaps the active <see cref="Source"/> and <see cref="Destination"/> ping-pong buffers.
+    /// Call this after manually writing or rendering into <see cref="Destination"/> so that subsequent hooks or the video encoder read the updated frame.
+    /// </summary>
+    public void Swap()
+    {
+        _hasModified = true;
+        PassCount++;
+
+        var previousDestination = _currentDestination;
+        _currentSource = previousDestination;
+        _currentDestination = (previousDestination == _pingRT) ? _pongRT : _pingRT;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Replaces the current modified frame texture with a custom <see cref="RenderTexture"/>.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="customTexture">The custom texture to set as the active frame.</param>
+    /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException">Thrown when <paramref name="customTexture"/> is null.</exception>
+    public void ReplaceCurrent(RenderTexture customTexture)
+    {
+        _currentSource = customTexture ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(customTexture));
+        _hasModified = true;
+        PassCount++;
+    }
+}

API/IFrameHook.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+using System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis;
+
+namespace ADOFAIRenderer.API;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Represents a custom frame modification hook that can modify rendered frames using GPU ping-pong double buffering.
+/// </summary>
+/// <remarks>
+/// <b>Execution Frequency Note:</b> Frame hooks are only invoked for frames that are actually encoded into the final video (<c>VideoFPS</c>).
+/// When <c>RenderFPS</c> is higher than <c>VideoFPS</c>, intermediate game render frames are skipped and this hook
+/// will <b>not</b> be called on every game frame.
+/// </remarks>
+[SuppressMessage("ReSharper", "UnusedType.Global")]
+public interface IFrameHook
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Invoked for each captured video frame before it is encoded.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <remarks>
+    /// This method is not called on every rendered game frame if <c>RenderFPS</c> exceeds <c>VideoFPS</c>.
+    /// </remarks>
+    /// <param name="context">The frame hook context providing access to ping-pong textures and frame metadata.</param>
+    void OnRenderFrame(FrameHookContext context);
+}

API/RenderSession.cs

@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis;
 using System.IO;
 using ADOFAIRenderer.Core;
 using ADOFAIRenderer.Data;
 using ADOFAIRenderer.Util;
+using UnityEngine;
 
 namespace ADOFAIRenderer.API;
 
@@ -11,8 +13,47 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.API;
 /// Fluent builder for configuring and starting a render session.
 /// </summary>
 [SuppressMessage("ReSharper", "UnusedType.Global")]
+[SuppressMessage("ReSharper", "UnusedMember.Global")]
+[SuppressMessage("ReSharper", "MemberCanBePrivate.Global")]
 public class RenderSession
 {
+    private sealed class GlobalHookRegistration : IDisposable
+    {
+        public object Key { get; }
+        public Action<FrameHookContext> Action { get; }
+        private bool _isDisposed;
+
+        public GlobalHookRegistration(object key, Action<FrameHookContext> action)
+        {
+            Key = key;
+            Action = action;
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            if (_isDisposed) return;
+            _isDisposed = true;
+            RemoveGlobalRegistration(this);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private sealed class SessionHookEntry
+    {
+        public object Key { get; }
+        public Action<FrameHookContext> Action { get; }
+
+        public SessionHookEntry(object key, Action<FrameHookContext> action)
+        {
+            Key = key;
+            Action = action;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static readonly List<GlobalHookRegistration> GlobalFrameHooks = new();
+    private static readonly object GlobalHooksLock = new();
+    private static int _globalHooksVersion;
+
+    private readonly List<SessionHookEntry> _frameHooks = new();
     private bool _auto = true;
 
     /// <summary>
@@ -126,6 +167,331 @@ public class RenderSession
         return this;
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Adds a custom frame modification hook to be executed for each encoded video frame.
+    /// The hook can modify the rendered frame using GPU ping-pong double buffering.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <remarks>
+    /// <b>Execution Frequency Note:</b> This hook is invoked only for frames that are captured for the output video.
+    /// When <c>RenderFPS</c> is higher than <c>VideoFPS</c>, intermediate game render frames are skipped,
+    /// so this hook will <b>not</b> be called on every game frame.
+    /// </remarks>
+    /// <param name="hook">The callback action that receives a <see cref="FrameHookContext"/>.</param>
+    /// <returns>The current <see cref="RenderSession"/> instance for method chaining.</returns>
+    /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException">Thrown when <paramref name="hook"/> is null.</exception>
+    public RenderSession AddFrameHook(Action<FrameHookContext> hook)
+    {
+        if (hook == null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(hook));
+        _frameHooks.Add(new SessionHookEntry(hook, hook));
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Adds a material-based post-processing pass to be executed for each encoded video frame.
+    /// Automatically performs a GPU blit from source to destination and swaps buffers.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="material">The material containing the shader to apply.</param>
+    /// <param name="pass">The shader pass index to use, or -1 to execute all passes.</param>
+    /// <returns>The current <see cref="RenderSession"/> instance for method chaining.</returns>
+    /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException">Thrown when <paramref name="material"/> is null.</exception>
+    public RenderSession AddFrameHook(Material material, int pass = -1)
+    {
+        if (material is null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(material));
+        _frameHooks.Add(new SessionHookEntry(material, context => context.Blit(material, pass)));
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Adds a custom frame modification hook implementing <see cref="IFrameHook"/>.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="hook">The hook instance to execute.</param>
+    /// <returns>The current <see cref="RenderSession"/> instance for method chaining.</returns>
+    /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException">Thrown when <paramref name="hook"/> is null.</exception>
+    public RenderSession AddFrameHook(IFrameHook hook)
+    {
+        if (hook == null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(hook));
+        _frameHooks.Add(new SessionHookEntry(hook, hook.OnRenderFrame));
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Alias for <see cref="AddFrameHook(Action{FrameHookContext})"/>.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="hook">The callback action that receives a <see cref="FrameHookContext"/>.</param>
+    /// <returns>The current <see cref="RenderSession"/> instance for method chaining.</returns>
+    public RenderSession WithFrameHook(Action<FrameHookContext> hook) => AddFrameHook(hook);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Alias for <see cref="AddFrameHook(Material, int)"/>.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="material">The material containing the shader to apply.</param>
+    /// <param name="pass">The shader pass index to use, or -1 to execute all passes.</param>
+    /// <returns>The current <see cref="RenderSession"/> instance for method chaining.</returns>
+    public RenderSession WithFrameHook(Material material, int pass = -1) => AddFrameHook(material, pass);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Alias for <see cref="AddFrameHook(IFrameHook)"/>.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="hook">The hook instance to execute.</param>
+    /// <returns>The current <see cref="RenderSession"/> instance for method chaining.</returns>
+    public RenderSession WithFrameHook(IFrameHook hook) => AddFrameHook(hook);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Removes a previously added frame modification hook callback from this session.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="hook">The hook action to remove.</param>
+    /// <returns>The current <see cref="RenderSession"/> instance for method chaining.</returns>
+    public RenderSession RemoveFrameHook(Action<FrameHookContext> hook)
+    {
+        var idx = _frameHooks.FindIndex(e => ReferenceEquals(e.Key, hook) || Equals(e.Action, hook));
+        if (idx >= 0) _frameHooks.RemoveAt(idx);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Removes a previously added material-based post-processing pass from this session.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="material">The material to remove.</param>
+    /// <returns>The current <see cref="RenderSession"/> instance for method chaining.</returns>
+    public RenderSession RemoveFrameHook(Material material)
+    {
+        if (material)
+        {
+            for (var i = _frameHooks.Count - 1; i >= 0; i--)
+            {
+                if (ReferenceEquals(_frameHooks[i].Key, material))
+                {
+                    _frameHooks.RemoveAt(i);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Removes a previously added <see cref="IFrameHook"/> from this session.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="hook">The hook instance to remove.</param>
+    /// <returns>The current <see cref="RenderSession"/> instance for method chaining.</returns>
+    public RenderSession RemoveFrameHook(IFrameHook hook)
+    {
+        var idx = _frameHooks.FindIndex(e => ReferenceEquals(e.Key, hook));
+        if (idx >= 0) _frameHooks.RemoveAt(idx);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Clears all frame modification hooks configured for this render session.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <returns>The current <see cref="RenderSession"/> instance for method chaining.</returns>
+    public RenderSession ClearFrameHooks()
+    {
+        _frameHooks.Clear();
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Registers a global frame modification hook that will execute on every render session.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <remarks>
+    /// <b>Execution Frequency Note:</b> Global frame hooks are executed only for frames that are captured for the output video.
+    /// When <c>RenderFPS</c> is higher than <c>VideoFPS</c>, intermediate game render frames are skipped,
+    /// so this hook will <b>not</b> be called on every game frame.
+    /// </remarks>
+    /// <param name="hook">The callback action that receives a <see cref="FrameHookContext"/>.</param>
+    /// <returns>An <see cref="IDisposable"/> registration handle that unregisters the hook when disposed.</returns>
+    /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException">Thrown when <paramref name="hook"/> is null.</exception>
+    public static IDisposable AddGlobalFrameHook(Action<FrameHookContext> hook)
+    {
+        if (hook == null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(hook));
+        var reg = new GlobalHookRegistration(hook, hook);
+        lock (GlobalHooksLock)
+        {
+            GlobalFrameHooks.Add(reg);
+            _globalHooksVersion++;
+        }
+        return reg;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Registers a global material-based post-processing pass that will execute on every render session.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="material">The material containing the shader to apply.</param>
+    /// <param name="pass">The shader pass index to use, or -1 to execute all passes.</param>
+    /// <returns>An <see cref="IDisposable"/> registration handle that unregisters the hook when disposed.</returns>
+    /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException">Thrown when <paramref name="material"/> is null.</exception>
+    public static IDisposable AddGlobalFrameHook(Material material, int pass = -1)
+    {
+        if (material is null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(material));
+        var reg = new GlobalHookRegistration(material, context => context.Blit(material, pass));
+        lock (GlobalHooksLock)
+        {
+            GlobalFrameHooks.Add(reg);
+            _globalHooksVersion++;
+        }
+        return reg;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Registers a global frame modification hook implementing <see cref="IFrameHook"/>.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="hook">The hook instance to execute.</param>
+    /// <returns>An <see cref="IDisposable"/> registration handle that unregisters the hook when disposed.</returns>
+    /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException">Thrown when <paramref name="hook"/> is null.</exception>
+    public static IDisposable AddGlobalFrameHook(IFrameHook hook)
+    {
+        if (hook == null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(hook));
+        var reg = new GlobalHookRegistration(hook, hook.OnRenderFrame);
+        lock (GlobalHooksLock)
+        {
+            GlobalFrameHooks.Add(reg);
+            _globalHooksVersion++;
+        }
+        return reg;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Unregisters a previously registered global frame modification hook.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="hook">The hook action to remove.</param>
+    /// <returns><c>true</c> if the hook was successfully removed; otherwise, <c>false</c>.</returns>
+    public static bool RemoveGlobalFrameHook(Action<FrameHookContext> hook)
+    {
+        lock (GlobalHooksLock)
+        {
+            var idx = GlobalFrameHooks.FindIndex(r => ReferenceEquals(r.Key, hook) || Equals(r.Action, hook));
+            if (idx >= 0)
+            {
+                GlobalFrameHooks.RemoveAt(idx);
+                _globalHooksVersion++;
+                return true;
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Unregisters a previously registered global material-based post-processing pass.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="material">The material to remove.</param>
+    /// <returns><c>true</c> if any hooks matching <paramref name="material"/> were removed; otherwise, <c>false</c>.</returns>
+    public static bool RemoveGlobalFrameHook(Material material)
+    {
+        lock (GlobalHooksLock)
+        {
+            var removed = false;
+            for (var i = GlobalFrameHooks.Count - 1; i >= 0; i--)
+            {
+                if (ReferenceEquals(GlobalFrameHooks[i].Key, material))
+                {
+                    GlobalFrameHooks.RemoveAt(i);
+                    removed = true;
+                }
+            }
+            if (removed)
+            {
+                _globalHooksVersion++;
+            }
+            return removed;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Unregisters a previously registered global frame modification hook implementing <see cref="IFrameHook"/>.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="hook">The hook instance to remove.</param>
+    /// <returns><c>true</c> if the hook was successfully removed; otherwise, <c>false</c>.</returns>
+    public static bool RemoveGlobalFrameHook(IFrameHook hook)
+    {
+        lock (GlobalHooksLock)
+        {
+            var idx = GlobalFrameHooks.FindIndex(r => ReferenceEquals(r.Key, hook));
+            if (idx >= 0)
+            {
+                GlobalFrameHooks.RemoveAt(idx);
+                _globalHooksVersion++;
+                return true;
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void RemoveGlobalRegistration(GlobalHookRegistration registration)
+    {
+        lock (GlobalHooksLock)
+        {
+            if (GlobalFrameHooks.Remove(registration))
+            {
+                _globalHooksVersion++;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Clears all registered global frame modification hooks.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static void ClearGlobalFrameHooks()
+    {
+        lock (GlobalHooksLock)
+        {
+            if (GlobalFrameHooks.Count > 0)
+            {
+                GlobalFrameHooks.Clear();
+                _globalHooksVersion++;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Indicates whether any global frame modification hooks are currently registered.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static bool HasGlobalFrameHooks
+    {
+        get
+        {
+            lock (GlobalHooksLock)
+            {
+                return GlobalFrameHooks.Count > 0;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The number of currently registered global frame modification hooks.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static int GlobalFrameHookCount
+    {
+        get
+        {
+            lock (GlobalHooksLock)
+            {
+                return GlobalFrameHooks.Count;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    internal static int GlobalHooksVersion
+    {
+        get
+        {
+            lock (GlobalHooksLock)
+            {
+                return _globalHooksVersion;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    internal static void CopyGlobalFrameHooksTo(List<Action<FrameHookContext>> destination)
+    {
+        lock (GlobalHooksLock)
+        {
+            for (var i = 0; i < GlobalFrameHooks.Count; i++)
+            {
+                destination.Add(GlobalFrameHooks[i].Action);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     /// <summary>
     /// Applies the configured flags and initiates the render session.
     /// </summary>
@@ -144,8 +510,19 @@ public class RenderSession
         if (_onComplete is not null) RenderContext.OnComplete = _onComplete;
         if (_onLastUpdate is not null) RenderContext.OnLastUpdate = _onLastUpdate;
 
+        RenderContext.SessionFrameHooks.Clear();
+        if (_frameHooks.Count > 0)
+        {
+            foreach (var t in _frameHooks)
+            {
+                RenderContext.SessionFrameHooks.Add(t.Action);
+            }
+        }
+        
         RenderManager.Instance.levelPath = levelPath;
-        RenderManager.Instance.Configuration = renderConfig;
+        // The render uses its own copy of the configuration: values adjusted during the render
+        // (e.g. the audio sample rate in SetupPlay) stay in this copy and do not change the caller's object.
+        RenderManager.Instance.Configuration = renderConfig.Clone();
 
         RenderManager.Instance.stage = RenderStage.Load;
         

Core/Data/GlobalSettings.cs

@@ -6,20 +6,28 @@ using Newtonsoft.Json;
 
 namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Core.Data;
 
-public class GlobalConfig
+internal class GlobalConfig
 {
     public string? OutputDirectory { get; set; }
+    public string? LastPresetName { get; set; }
+    public bool DefaultPresetsInitialized { get; set; }
 }
 
-public static class GlobalSettings
+internal static class GlobalSettings
 {
-    private static string SettingsFilePath =>
-        Path.Combine(MelonEnvironment.GameRootDirectory, "UserData", "ADOFAIRenderer", "global_settings.json");
+    private static string GetGameRootDir()
+    {
+        var root = MelonEnvironment.GameRootDirectory;
+        return string.IsNullOrEmpty(root) ? AppDomain.CurrentDomain.BaseDirectory : root;
+    }
 
-    public static GlobalConfig Current { get; set; } = new();
+    private static string SettingsFilePath =>
+        Path.Combine(GetGameRootDir(), "UserData", "ADOFAIRenderer", "global_settings.json");
+
+    public static GlobalConfig Current { get; private set; } = new();
 
     public static string DefaultOutputDirectory =>
-        Path.Combine(MelonEnvironment.GameRootDirectory, "Render");
+        Path.Combine(GetGameRootDir(), "Render");
 
     public static string EffectiveOutputDirectory
     {

Core/FrameHookPipeline.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using ADOFAIRenderer.API;
+using MelonLoader;
+using UnityEngine;
+
+namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Core;
+
+internal class FrameHookPipeline : IDisposable
+{
+    private RenderTexture? _pingRT;
+    private RenderTexture? _pongRT;
+    private RenderTexture? _lastOutputRT;
+    private FrameHookContext? _reusableContext;
+    private int _width;
+    private int _height;
+    private RenderTextureFormat _format;
+
+    public RenderTexture? Process(
+        RenderTexture sourceTexture,
+        long frameIndex,
+        long renderFrameIndex,
+        double videoTime,
+        double renderFps,
+        double videoFps,
+        IReadOnlyList<Action<FrameHookContext>> hooks)
+    {
+        if (hooks.Count == 0 || !sourceTexture || !sourceTexture.IsCreated())
+            return sourceTexture;
+
+        EnsureBuffers(sourceTexture);
+
+        if (!_pingRT || !_pongRT || !_pingRT.IsCreated() || !_pongRT.IsCreated())
+            return sourceTexture;
+
+        var prevActive = RenderTexture.active;
+        try
+        {
+            // Inter-frame ping-pong safety: start with the buffer that was NOT used as the output
+            // of the previous frame, ensuring the buffer currently being read back is not immediately overwritten.
+            var firstDestination = _lastOutputRT == _pingRT ? _pongRT : _pingRT;
+
+            if (_reusableContext == null)
+            {
+                _reusableContext = new FrameHookContext(
+                    sourceTexture,
+                    _pingRT,
+                    _pongRT,
+                    firstDestination,
+                    frameIndex,
+                    renderFrameIndex,
+                    videoTime,
+                    renderFps,
+                    videoFps
+                );
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                _reusableContext.Reset(
+                    sourceTexture,
+                    _pingRT,
+                    _pongRT,
+                    firstDestination,
+                    frameIndex,
+                    renderFrameIndex,
+                    videoTime,
+                    renderFps,
+                    videoFps
+                );
+            }
+
+            for (var i = 0; i < hooks.Count; i++)
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    hooks[i](_reusableContext);
+                }
+                catch (Exception ex)
+                {
+                    Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Error($"[FrameHook] Error executing frame hook #{i} on frame {frameIndex}: {ex}");
+                }
+            }
+
+            var result = _reusableContext.Current;
+            _lastOutputRT = _reusableContext.HasModified ? result : null;
+            return result;
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            RenderTexture.active = prevActive;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void EnsureBuffers(RenderTexture sourceTexture)
+    {
+        var width = sourceTexture.width;
+        var height = sourceTexture.height;
+        var format = sourceTexture.format;
+
+        if (_pingRT && _pongRT &&
+            _width == width && _height == height && _format == format &&
+            _pingRT.IsCreated() && _pongRT.IsCreated())
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        ReleaseBuffers();
+
+        _width = width;
+        _height = height;
+        _format = format;
+
+        try
+        {
+            var desc = sourceTexture.descriptor;
+            desc.depthBufferBits = 0;
+            desc.msaaSamples = 1;
+            desc.useMipMap = false;
+            desc.autoGenerateMips = false;
+
+            var supportsUav = SystemInfo.supportsComputeShaders &&
+                              SystemInfo.SupportsRandomWriteOnRenderTextureFormat(desc.colorFormat);
+            desc.enableRandomWrite = supportsUav;
+
+            _pingRT = new RenderTexture(desc)
+            {
+                name = "ADOFAIRenderer_PingBuffer",
+                filterMode = sourceTexture.filterMode,
+                wrapMode = sourceTexture.wrapMode
+            };
+            _pingRT.Create();
+
+            _pongRT = new RenderTexture(desc)
+            {
+                name = "ADOFAIRenderer_PongBuffer",
+                filterMode = sourceTexture.filterMode,
+                wrapMode = sourceTexture.wrapMode
+            };
+            _pongRT.Create();
+        }
+        catch (Exception ex)
+        {
+            ReleaseBuffers();
+            Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Warning($"[FrameHook] Failed to create descriptor-based PingPong RTs: {ex.Message}. Falling back to standard ARGB32.");
+            _pingRT = new RenderTexture(width, height, 0, RenderTextureFormat.ARGB32)
+            {
+                name = "ADOFAIRenderer_PingBuffer",
+                filterMode = sourceTexture.filterMode,
+                wrapMode = sourceTexture.wrapMode
+            };
+            _pingRT.Create();
+
+            _pongRT = new RenderTexture(width, height, 0, RenderTextureFormat.ARGB32)
+            {
+                name = "ADOFAIRenderer_PongBuffer",
+                filterMode = sourceTexture.filterMode,
+                wrapMode = sourceTexture.wrapMode
+            };
+            _pongRT.Create();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void ReleaseBuffers()
+    {
+        if (_pingRT)
+        {
+            if (_pingRT.IsCreated()) _pingRT.Release();
+            UnityEngine.Object.Destroy(_pingRT);
+            _pingRT = null;
+        }
+
+        if (_pongRT)
+        {
+            if (_pongRT.IsCreated()) _pongRT.Release();
+            UnityEngine.Object.Destroy(_pongRT);
+            _pongRT = null;
+        }
+
+        _width = 0;
+        _height = 0;
+        _lastOutputRT = null;
+        _reusableContext = null;
+    }
+
+    public void Dispose()
+    {
+        ReleaseBuffers();
+    }
+}

Core/PresetManager.cs

@@ -2,24 +2,118 @@ using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.IO;
 using System.Linq;
+using ADOFAIRenderer.Core.Data;
+using ADOFAIRenderer.Data;
 using MelonLoader;
 using MelonLoader.Utils;
 using Newtonsoft.Json;
 using Newtonsoft.Json.Linq;
 
-namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Data;
+namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Core;
 
-internal class RenderPreset
+public class RenderPreset
 {
     public string Name { get; set; } = string.Empty;
     public RenderConfig Config { get; set; } = null!;
+
+    public RenderPreset Clone()
+    {
+        return new RenderPreset
+        {
+            Name = Name,
+            Config = Config.Clone()
+        };
+    }
 }
 
-internal static class PresetManager
+public static class PresetManager
 {
+    private static readonly List<RenderPreset> DefaultPresets = new()
+    {
+        new RenderPreset
+        {
+            Name = "FHD 60fps (1x)",
+            Config = new RenderConfig
+            {
+                RenderWidth = 1920,
+                RenderHeight = 1080,
+                RenderFPS = 60,
+                VideoFPS = 60,
+                DelayAfterEnd = 15,
+                ShowJudgementText = false,
+                VideoConfig = new VideoEncodingConfig { Codec = Codec.H264, RateControlMode = RateControlMode.CBR, Bitrate = 20000, MaxBitrate = 35000, QP = 18, KeyframeInterval = 2.0 },
+                AudioConfig = new AudioEncodingConfig { RenderAudio = true, AudioSampleRate = 48000, AudioChannels = 2, AudioBitrate = 256000 },
+                AdvancedConfig = new AdvancedConfig { ProcessAudio = true, NonTile = false, FileExtension = "mkv" }
+            }
+        },
+        new RenderPreset
+        {
+            Name = "FHD 60fps (4x)",
+            Config = new RenderConfig
+            {
+                RenderWidth = 1920,
+                RenderHeight = 1080,
+                RenderFPS = 240,
+                VideoFPS = 60,
+                DelayAfterEnd = 15,
+                ShowJudgementText = false,
+                VideoConfig = new VideoEncodingConfig { Codec = Codec.H264, RateControlMode = RateControlMode.CBR, Bitrate = 30000, MaxBitrate = 50000, QP = 18, KeyframeInterval = 2.0 },
+                AudioConfig = new AudioEncodingConfig { RenderAudio = true, AudioSampleRate = 48000, AudioChannels = 2, AudioBitrate = 256000 },
+                AdvancedConfig = new AdvancedConfig { ProcessAudio = true, NonTile = false, FileExtension = "mkv" }
+            }
+        },
+        new RenderPreset
+        {
+            Name = "QHD 60fps (4x)",
+            Config = new RenderConfig
+            {
+                RenderWidth = 2560,
+                RenderHeight = 1440,
+                RenderFPS = 240,
+                VideoFPS = 60,
+                DelayAfterEnd = 15,
+                ShowJudgementText = false,
+                VideoConfig = new VideoEncodingConfig { Codec = Codec.H264, RateControlMode = RateControlMode.CBR, Bitrate = 35000, MaxBitrate = 60000, QP = 18, KeyframeInterval = 2.0 },
+                AudioConfig = new AudioEncodingConfig { RenderAudio = true, AudioSampleRate = 48000, AudioChannels = 2, AudioBitrate = 256000 },
+                AdvancedConfig = new AdvancedConfig { ProcessAudio = true, NonTile = false, FileExtension = "mkv" }
+            }
+        },
+        new RenderPreset
+        {
+            Name = "4K 60fps (4x)",
+            Config = new RenderConfig
+            {
+                RenderWidth = 3840,
+                RenderHeight = 2160,
+                RenderFPS = 240,
+                VideoFPS = 60,
+                DelayAfterEnd = 15,
+                ShowJudgementText = false,
+                VideoConfig = new VideoEncodingConfig { Codec = Codec.H264, RateControlMode = RateControlMode.CBR, Bitrate = 60000, MaxBitrate = 100000, QP = 18, KeyframeInterval = 2.0 },
+                AudioConfig = new AudioEncodingConfig { RenderAudio = true, AudioSampleRate = 48000, AudioChannels = 2, AudioBitrate = 256000 },
+                AdvancedConfig = new AdvancedConfig { ProcessAudio = true, NonTile = false, FileExtension = "mkv" }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
     private static string GetPresetsDirectory()
     {
-        return Path.Combine(MelonEnvironment.GameRootDirectory, "UserData", "ADOFAIRenderer", "Presets");
+        string? root = null;
+        try
+        {
+            root = MelonEnvironment.GameRootDirectory;
+        }
+        catch
+        {
+            // Outside MelonLoader host environment (e.g. tests)
+        }
+
+        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(root))
+        {
+            root = AppDomain.CurrentDomain.BaseDirectory;
+        }
+
+        return Path.Combine(root, "UserData", "ADOFAIRenderer", "Presets");
     }
 
     private static string GetSafeFileName(string name)
@@ -27,6 +121,45 @@ internal static class PresetManager
         return Path.GetInvalidFileNameChars().Aggregate(name, (current, c) => current.Replace(c, '_'));
     }
 
+    public static void EnsureDefaultPresetsCreated()
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            var dir = GetPresetsDirectory();
+            if (!Directory.Exists(dir))
+            {
+                Directory.CreateDirectory(dir);
+            }
+
+            if (!GlobalSettings.Current.DefaultPresetsInitialized)
+            {
+                var settings = new JsonSerializerSettings
+                {
+                    Formatting = Formatting.Indented
+                };
+                settings.Converters.Add(new ColorJsonConverter());
+
+                foreach (var def in DefaultPresets)
+                {
+                    var safeName = GetSafeFileName(def.Name);
+                    var filePath = Path.Combine(dir, safeName + ".json");
+                    if (!File.Exists(filePath))
+                    {
+                        var json = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(def, settings);
+                        File.WriteAllText(filePath, json);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                GlobalSettings.Current.DefaultPresetsInitialized = true;
+                GlobalSettings.Save();
+            }
+        }
+        catch (Exception ex)
+        {
+            MelonLogger.Warning($"Error initializing default presets: {ex.Message}");
+        }
+    }
+
     public static void SavePreset(string name, RenderConfig config)
     {
         if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(name))
@@ -43,10 +176,16 @@ internal static class PresetManager
         var preset = new RenderPreset
         {
             Name = name,
-            Config = config
+            Config = config.Clone()
         };
 
-        string json = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(preset, Formatting.Indented);
+        var settings = new JsonSerializerSettings
+        {
+            Formatting = Formatting.Indented
+        };
+        settings.Converters.Add(new ColorJsonConverter());
+
+        string json = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(preset, settings);
         string safeName = GetSafeFileName(name);
         string filePath = Path.Combine(dir, safeName + ".json");
         File.WriteAllText(filePath, json);
@@ -54,14 +193,26 @@ internal static class PresetManager
 
     public static List<RenderPreset> GetPresets()
     {
+        EnsureDefaultPresetsCreated();
+
         var presets = new List<RenderPreset>();
         var dir = GetPresetsDirectory();
-            
-        if (!Directory.Exists(dir)) return presets;
+        if (!Directory.Exists(dir))
+        {
+            foreach (var b in DefaultPresets)
+            {
+                presets.Add(b.Clone());
+            }
+            return presets;
+        }
 
         try
         {
             var files = Directory.GetFiles(dir, "*.json");
+            var serializerSettings = new JsonSerializerSettings();
+            serializerSettings.Converters.Add(new ColorJsonConverter());
+            var serializer = JsonSerializer.Create(serializerSettings);
+
             foreach (var file in files)
             {
                 try
@@ -146,9 +297,20 @@ internal static class PresetManager
                         }
                     }
                             
-                    var preset = jObject.ToObject<RenderPreset>();
-                    if (preset != null && !string.IsNullOrEmpty(preset.Name))
+                    var preset = jObject.ToObject<RenderPreset>(serializer);
+                    if (preset != null)
                     {
+                        var fileBaseName = Path.GetFileNameWithoutExtension(file);
+                        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(preset.Name))
+                        {
+                            preset.Name = fileBaseName;
+                        }
+
+                        if (presets.Any(p => string.Equals(p.Name, preset.Name, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)))
+                        {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+
                         presets.Add(preset);
                     }
                 }
@@ -177,13 +339,44 @@ internal static class PresetManager
 
     public static void DeletePreset(string name)
     {
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(name)) return;
+
         var dir = GetPresetsDirectory();
+        if (!Directory.Exists(dir)) return;
+
         var safeName = GetSafeFileName(name);
         var filePath = Path.Combine(dir, safeName + ".json");
 
         if (File.Exists(filePath))
         {
             File.Delete(filePath);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        foreach (var file in Directory.GetFiles(dir, "*.json"))
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                var fileBaseName = Path.GetFileNameWithoutExtension(file);
+                if (string.Equals(fileBaseName, name, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    File.Delete(file);
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                var json = File.ReadAllText(file);
+                var jObject = JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<JObject>(json);
+                var pName = (string?)jObject?["Name"];
+                if (string.Equals(pName, name, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    File.Delete(file);
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+            catch
+            {
+                // Ignore read errors during cleanup search
+            }
         }
     }
 }

Core/RenderManager.cs

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ using ADOFAIRenderer.UI.Window;
 using ADOFAIRenderer.Util;
 using ADOFAIRenderer.Util.Audio;
 using ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg;
+using ADOFAIRenderer.Util.OS;
 using FFmpeg.AutoGen;
 using HarmonyLib;
 using MelonLoader;
@@ -37,6 +38,7 @@ internal static class RenderContext
     public static string? OutputPath;
         
     public static bool Notification = true;
+    public static readonly List<Action<FrameHookContext>> SessionFrameHooks = new();
         
     private static readonly Func<bool> EndConditionDefault = () => scrController.instance.state == States.Won;
     public static Func<bool> EndCondition = EndConditionDefault;
@@ -64,6 +66,7 @@ internal static class RenderContext
         OutputPath = null;
 
         Notification = true;
+        SessionFrameHooks.Clear();
             
         EndCondition = EndConditionDefault;
         OnComplete = OnCompleteDefault;
@@ -89,7 +92,50 @@ internal class RenderManager : MonoBehaviour
     public long frameCount;
     public bool skipPressToStart;
     public string levelPath = "";
-    public bool IsRenderCancelled { get; private set; }
+    private readonly object _abortStateLock = new();
+    private volatile bool _isRenderCancelled;
+    private volatile bool _renderFailed;
+    private volatile string? _failureReason;
+
+    // ReSharper disable once MemberCanBePrivate.Global
+    public bool IsRenderCancelled => _isRenderCancelled;
+    public bool IsRenderFailed => _renderFailed;
+    
+    // Cancelled and failed are mutually exclusive; this is true for either (render must stop).
+    public bool IsRenderAborted => _isRenderCancelled || _renderFailed;
+
+    private void MarkCancelled()
+    {
+        lock (_abortStateLock)
+        {
+            if (!_renderFailed) _isRenderCancelled = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // The first failure reason wins; ignored once the render is already cancelled or failed.
+    private void MarkFailed(string reason)
+    {
+        lock (_abortStateLock)
+        {
+            if (_isRenderCancelled || _renderFailed) return;
+            _failureReason = reason;
+            _renderFailed = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void ClearAbortState()
+    {
+        lock (_abortStateLock)
+        {
+            _isRenderCancelled = false;
+            _renderFailed = false;
+            _failureReason = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private string BuildAbortMessage() => IsRenderFailed
+        ? $"Rendering failed: {_failureReason ?? "unknown error"}"
+        : "Rendering was cancelled by user.";
     public RenderConfig Configuration = null!;
 
     // Render Sessions State (OOP Instance Fields)
@@ -100,12 +146,56 @@ internal class RenderManager : MonoBehaviour
     public int frameCountBase;
         
     public OfflineAudioMixer? AudioMixer { get; private set; }
-    private AudioSyncCalculator SyncCalculator { get; set; } = null!;
+    private AudioSyncCalculator? SyncCalculator { get; set; }
 
     private FrameReader? _frameReader;
+    private FrameHookPipeline? _frameHookPipeline;
+    private readonly List<Action<FrameHookContext>> _activeHooksCache = new();
+    private int _cachedGlobalHooksVersion = -1;
+    private bool _hasActiveHooksCached;
+
+    public bool HasActiveFrameHooks
+    {
+        get
+        {
+            EnsureActiveHooksUpToDate();
+            return _hasActiveHooksCached;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void EnsureActiveHooksUpToDate()
+    {
+        var globalVersion = RenderSession.GlobalHooksVersion;
+        if (_cachedGlobalHooksVersion == globalVersion) return;
+
+        _cachedGlobalHooksVersion = globalVersion;
+        _activeHooksCache.Clear();
+        if (RenderContext.SessionFrameHooks.Count > 0)
+        {
+            _activeHooksCache.AddRange(RenderContext.SessionFrameHooks);
+        }
+        RenderSession.CopyGlobalFrameHooksTo(_activeHooksCache);
+        _hasActiveHooksCached = _activeHooksCache.Count > 0;
+    }
+
+    private List<Action<FrameHookContext>> GetActiveFrameHooks()
+    {
+        EnsureActiveHooksUpToDate();
+        return _activeHooksCache;
+    }
+
+    private void ResetFrameHookState()
+    {
+        _frameHookPipeline?.Dispose();
+        _frameHookPipeline = null;
+        _activeHooksCache.Clear();
+        _cachedGlobalHooksVersion = -1;
+        _hasActiveHooksCached = false;
+    }
 
     public long frameCountForVideo;
     public long lastVideoFrameIndex = -1;
+    // long cannot be volatile: access via Volatile.Read/Write (written on main thread, read on render thread)
     public long lastRequestedVideoFrameIndex = -1;
     public int readbackFailureCount;
     public int throttleCount;
@@ -125,8 +215,8 @@ internal class RenderManager : MonoBehaviour
     internal AutoResetEvent FrameAvailableEvent = new(false);
     public Thread? RenderThread;
     public long passCount;
-    public bool endRequested;
-    public bool endSuccessful;
+    public volatile bool endRequested;
+    public volatile bool endSuccessful;
     public long endFrame = -1;
 
     // Private Instance Fields
@@ -136,6 +226,11 @@ internal class RenderManager : MonoBehaviour
     private GameObject? _debugMonitorObj;
     private GameObject? _escapeHandlerObj;
     internal string? CurrentOutPath;
+
+    // Output file of the current render that is not finished yet.
+    // Set just before the encoder opens the file, cleared by the render thread after the encoder finished the file (End).
+    // Only this file is deleted when a render is cancelled, fails or the game exits (DeleteIncompleteOutputFile).
+    private string? _incompleteOutputPath;
     private bool _renderSetup;
 
     private void Awake()
@@ -150,16 +245,21 @@ internal class RenderManager : MonoBehaviour
 
     public void ResetRenderState(bool success)
     {
-        IsRenderCancelled = !success;
+        if (success) _isRenderCancelled = false;
+        else MarkCancelled();
         stage = RenderStage.None;
     }
 
     public void CleanUpActiveRender()
     {
+        if (stage != RenderStage.None)
+            MarkFailed("the game exited or RenderManager was destroyed during rendering.");
         ResetRenderState(success: false);
             
         AudioSpectrumGenerator.Clear();
 
+        ResetFrameHookState();
+
         if (_activeVideoFFmpeg != null)
         {
             Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Msg("Game exit or RenderManager destruction detected: Disposing FFmpeg native encoder resources.");
@@ -191,6 +291,32 @@ internal class RenderManager : MonoBehaviour
         {
             RenderThread.Join(200);
         }
+
+        // The encoders are disposed above, which closes the output file. An unfinished file of this render is deleted.
+        DeleteIncompleteOutputFile();
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Deletes the output file of the current render when the render did not finish it (_incompleteOutputPath).
+    /// Files of earlier, finished renders are never deleted.
+    /// Returns true when a file was deleted.
+    /// </summary>
+    private bool DeleteIncompleteOutputFile()
+    {
+        var path = Interlocked.Exchange(ref _incompleteOutputPath, null);
+        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(path) || !File.Exists(path)) return false;
+
+        try
+        {
+            File.Delete(path);
+            Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Msg($"[File Cleanup] Deleted incomplete video: {path}");
+            return true;
+        }
+        catch (Exception ex)
+        {
+            Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Error($"[File Cleanup] Failed to delete incomplete video: {ex.Message}");
+            return false;
+        }
     }
 
     private void Update()
@@ -236,8 +362,15 @@ internal class RenderManager : MonoBehaviour
         }
 
         if (Instance.stage < RenderStage.OnScene) return;
+        if (stage >= RenderStage.Render && RenderThread is not { IsAlive: true })
+        {
+            MarkFailed("the render thread terminated unexpectedly.");
+            CancelRender();
+            return;
+        }
         if (!scrController.instance || scrController.instance.state == States.Fail || scrController.instance.state == States.Fail2)
         {
+            MarkFailed("the level failed or the game controller was lost during rendering.");
             ResetRenderState(success: false);
             StopFFmpeg(false);
             EndRender();
@@ -263,19 +396,49 @@ internal class RenderManager : MonoBehaviour
         frameCount++;
     }
 
+    // Floors that own a hold renderer, collected from scrLevelMaker.listFloors (see RefreshHoldFloors).
+    private readonly List<scrFloor> _holdFloors = new();
+    private List<scrFloor>? _holdFloorsSource;
+    private int _holdFloorsSourceCount = -1;
+
     public void OnLastUpdate()
     {
         if (Instance.stage < RenderStage.Load) return;
-        if (!Configuration.AdvancedConfig.NonTile) return;
-        foreach (var floor in scrLevelMaker.instance.listFloors
-                     .Where(floor => floor.holdRenderer && floor.holdRenderer.m_meshRenderer.enabled)) 
+
+        if (Configuration.AdvancedConfig.NonTile)
         {
-            floor.holdRenderer.m_meshRenderer.enabled = false;
+            // scrHoldRenderer.UpdateColor sets m_meshRenderer.enabled = true every time it runs
+            // (scrHoldRenderer.cs, called from scrPlanet/scrPlayer), so the hold meshes are disabled again every frame.
+            RefreshHoldFloors();
+            foreach (var floor in _holdFloors)
+            {
+                if (!floor || !floor.holdRenderer) continue;
+                var meshRenderer = floor.holdRenderer.m_meshRenderer;
+                if (meshRenderer && meshRenderer.enabled) meshRenderer.enabled = false;
+            }
         }
 
         TriggerOnLastUpdate();
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Rebuilds the hold floor list when scrLevelMaker.listFloors is a different list or has a different count
+    /// (hold renderers are created together with the floors in scrLevelMaker).
+    /// </summary>
+    private void RefreshHoldFloors()
+    {
+        var floors = scrLevelMaker.instance.listFloors;
+        if (ReferenceEquals(floors, _holdFloorsSource) && floors.Count == _holdFloorsSourceCount) return;
+
+        _holdFloors.Clear();
+        foreach (var floor in floors)
+        {
+            if (floor && floor.holdRenderer) _holdFloors.Add(floor);
+        }
+        _holdFloorsSource = floors;
+        _holdFloorsSourceCount = floors.Count;
+    }
+
     // ReSharper disable once Unity.IncorrectMethodSignature
     public void OnPostFrame(RenderTexture? texture)
     {
@@ -286,6 +449,12 @@ internal class RenderManager : MonoBehaviour
         
         while (Instance.stage >= RenderStage.Render)
         {
+            if (RenderThread is not { IsAlive: true })
+            {
+                isThrottling = false;
+                return;
+            }
+
             int count;
             lock (ImageQueue)
             {
@@ -315,8 +484,24 @@ internal class RenderManager : MonoBehaviour
         if (videoFrameIndex > lastVideoFrameIndex)
         {
             lastVideoFrameIndex = videoFrameIndex;
-            lastRequestedVideoFrameIndex = videoFrameIndex;
-            _frameReader?.RequestFrameCapture(texture, videoFrameIndex);
+            Volatile.Write(ref lastRequestedVideoFrameIndex, videoFrameIndex);
+
+            var targetTexture = texture;
+            if (HasActiveFrameHooks && _frameHookPipeline != null)
+            {
+                var videoTime = effectiveVideoFps > 0 ? videoFrameIndex / effectiveVideoFps : 0.0;
+                targetTexture = _frameHookPipeline.Process(
+                    texture,
+                    videoFrameIndex,
+                    currentFrame,
+                    videoTime,
+                    renderFPS,
+                    effectiveVideoFps,
+                    GetActiveFrameHooks()
+                ) ?? texture;
+            }
+
+            _frameReader?.RequestFrameCapture(targetTexture, videoFrameIndex);
         }
     }
 
@@ -340,7 +525,6 @@ internal class RenderManager : MonoBehaviour
 
             Application.wantsToQuit -= quitDelegate;
             RenderConfigWindow.CreateWindow();
-            // ADOBase.loader.LoadSceneWithTransition(WipeDirection.StartsFromRight, "Assets/Scenes/RenderSettingsScene.unity");
         });
     }
 
@@ -377,6 +561,9 @@ internal class RenderManager : MonoBehaviour
             yield return new WaitForSecondsRealtime(1);
         }
 
+        // Cancelled or failed during the countdown: do not start the encoder
+        if (stage != RenderStage.OnScene) yield break;
+
         frameCount = 0; framesSent = 0;
         _renderStopwatch.Restart();
             
@@ -387,6 +574,10 @@ internal class RenderManager : MonoBehaviour
             
         _frameReader?.Dispose();
         _frameReader = null;
+        _frameHookPipeline?.Dispose();
+        _frameHookPipeline = new FrameHookPipeline();
+        _cachedGlobalHooksVersion = -1;
+        EnsureActiveHooksUpToDate();
         try
         {
             StartFFmpegThread();
@@ -395,12 +586,20 @@ internal class RenderManager : MonoBehaviour
         catch (Exception ex)
         {
             Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Error($"Encoder initialization error: {ex}");
+
+            // Release the encoder/thread and restore time, input offset, stage and hooks before showing the dialog
+            MarkFailed($"failed to initialize the video encoder: {ex.Message}");
+            ResetRenderState(success: false);
+            StopFFmpeg(false);
+            RestoreRenderEnvironment();
+
             CommonWarningDialogUI.ShowDialog(
                 "Encoder Error",
                 $"Failed to initialize video encoder.\nError: {ex.Message}",
                 new DialogButton("OK", () =>
                 {
                     ADOBase.loader.LoadSceneWithTransition(WipeDirection.StartsFromRight, "scnEditor");
+                    Cursor.visible = true;
                 })
             );
             yield break;
@@ -443,10 +642,10 @@ internal class RenderManager : MonoBehaviour
             ImageQueue.Clear();
         }
         passCount = 0;
-        IsRenderCancelled = false;
+        ClearAbortState();
         frameCountForVideo = 0;
         lastVideoFrameIndex = -1;
-        lastRequestedVideoFrameIndex = -1;
+        Volatile.Write(ref lastRequestedVideoFrameIndex, -1);
         endRequested = false;
         endSuccessful = false;
         FrameAvailableEvent.Reset();
@@ -496,6 +695,7 @@ internal class RenderManager : MonoBehaviour
             {
                 _allVideoFFmpegInstances.Add(videoFFmpeg);
             }
+            Volatile.Write(ref _incompleteOutputPath, CurrentOutPath);
             videoFFmpeg.Start(CurrentOutPath);
         }
         catch (Exception)
@@ -512,49 +712,123 @@ internal class RenderManager : MonoBehaviour
             throw;
         }
 
-        RenderThread = new Thread(() =>
+        var encoder = videoFFmpeg!;
+        RenderThread = new Thread(() => RunRenderThread(encoder))
+        {
+            IsBackground = true,
+            Priority = ThreadPriority.AboveNormal
+        };
+
+        RenderThread.Start();
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Body of the render thread. Sends queued frames and their audio to the encoder until the render ends,
+    /// finishes the output file, and releases the encoder. An exception is handled as a render failure.
+    /// </summary>
+    private void RunRenderThread(FFmpegNativeEncoder videoFFmpeg)
     {
         try
+        {
+            EncodeQueuedFrames(videoFFmpeg);
+
+            if (!IsRenderAborted)
+            {
+                // End throws when the file cannot be finished (e.g. the trailer cannot be written),
+                // which is handled as a render failure by the catch block below.
+                videoFFmpeg.End();
+                Volatile.Write(ref _incompleteOutputPath, null);
+            }
+            videoFFmpeg.Dispose();
+            UnregisterEncoder(videoFFmpeg);
+
+            endSuccessful = !IsRenderAborted;
+        }
+        catch (Exception ex)
+        {
+            Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Error($"FFmpeg rendering thread error: {ex}");
+
+            MarkFailed("encoder thread error. See the log for details.");
+            try
+            {
+                videoFFmpeg.Dispose();
+            }
+            catch (Exception disposeEx)
+            {
+                Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Error($"Encoder dispose after thread error also failed: {disposeEx.Message}");
+            }
+            UnregisterEncoder(videoFFmpeg);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Takes frames from ImageQueue in passCount order and sends each one to the encoder, followed by the audio
+    /// samples of that frame. Waits on FrameAvailableEvent (50ms) while no frame is ready.
+    /// Returns when the render is aborted or all requested frames have been sent after endRequested.
+    /// </summary>
+    private void EncodeQueuedFrames(FFmpegNativeEncoder videoFFmpeg)
     {
         while (true)
         {
-                    CapturedFrame frame = default;
-                    bool hasFrame = false;
+            if (TryDequeueNextFrame(out var frame))
+            {
+                SendVideoFrame(videoFFmpeg, frame);
+                WriteAudioForFrame(videoFFmpeg);
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (ShouldStopEncodeLoop()) return;
+
+            FrameAvailableEvent.WaitOne(50);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Removes the frame whose key equals passCount from ImageQueue and advances passCount.
+    /// Before the Render stage, passCount jumps to the first queued key (the first captured frame index is not 0).
+    /// Returns false when the queue is empty or the next frame has not arrived yet.
+    /// </summary>
+    private bool TryDequeueNextFrame(out CapturedFrame frame)
+    {
+        frame = default;
         lock (ImageQueue)
         {
-                        if (ImageQueue.Count > 0)
-                        {
-                            var firstKey = ImageQueue.Keys[0];
+            if (ImageQueue.Count == 0) return false;
 
+            var firstKey = ImageQueue.Keys[0];
             if (firstKey > passCount && Instance.stage < RenderStage.Render)
             {
                 passCount = firstKey;
             }
 
-                            if (firstKey == passCount)
-                            {
+            if (firstKey != passCount) return false;
+
             frame = ImageQueue[firstKey];
             ImageQueue.RemoveAt(0);
             passCount++;
-                                hasFrame = true;
-                            }
+            return true;
         }
     }
 
-                    if (hasFrame)
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Sends one captured frame to the encoder and releases its buffer (managed: ArrayPool, native: readback state).
+    /// A frame without data is skipped.
+    /// </summary>
+    private void SendVideoFrame(FFmpegNativeEncoder videoFFmpeg, in CapturedFrame frame)
     {
         if (frame.ManagedBuffer != null)
         {
-                            if (frame.ManagedBuffer.Length > 0)
-                            {
+            if (frame.ManagedBuffer.Length == 0) return;
+
             videoFFmpeg.SendDataFromBuffer(frame.ManagedBuffer, frame.Length, frame.IsColorConverted);
             Interlocked.Increment(ref framesSent);
 
             ArrayPool<byte>.Shared.Return(frame.ManagedBuffer);
+            return;
         }
-                        }
-                        else if (frame.NativePointer != IntPtr.Zero && frame.Length > 0)
-                        {
+
+        if (frame.NativePointer == IntPtr.Zero || frame.Length <= 0) return;
+
         videoFFmpeg.SendDataFromNativeBuffer(frame.NativePointer, frame.Length, frame.IsColorConverted);
         Interlocked.Increment(ref framesSent);
 
@@ -564,14 +838,20 @@ internal class RenderManager : MonoBehaviour
         }
     }
 
-                        if (Configuration.AudioConfig.RenderAudio)
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Mixes the audio of the frame that was just sent (index passCount - 1) and writes it to the encoder.
+    /// Does nothing when audio rendering is off.
+    /// </summary>
+    private void WriteAudioForFrame(FFmpegNativeEncoder videoFFmpeg)
     {
+        if (!Configuration.AudioConfig.RenderAudio || SyncCalculator is not { } syncCalculator) return;
+
         var frameIdx = (int)(passCount - 1);
         var effectiveVideoFps = Math.Min(Configuration.VideoFPS, Configuration.RenderFPS);
         var frameTime = frameIdx / effectiveVideoFps;
 
         var channels = Configuration.AudioConfig.AudioChannels;
-                            var samplesNeeded = SyncCalculator.GetNextFrameSamples();
+        var samplesNeeded = syncCalculator.GetNextFrameSamples();
 
         var audioBuffer = ArrayPool<float>.Shared.Rent(samplesNeeded * channels);
         try
@@ -584,48 +864,25 @@ internal class RenderManager : MonoBehaviour
             ArrayPool<float>.Shared.Return(audioBuffer);
         }
     }
-                        continue;
-                    }
 
-                    if (IsRenderCancelled) break;
-
-                    if (endRequested)
+    /// <summary>
+    /// True when the render is aborted, or when the end was requested and every requested frame has been sent.
+    /// </summary>
+    private bool ShouldStopEncodeLoop()
     {
-                        if (passCount > lastRequestedVideoFrameIndex) break;
+        if (IsRenderAborted) return true;
+
+        return endRequested && passCount > Volatile.Read(ref lastRequestedVideoFrameIndex);
     }
 
-                    FrameAvailableEvent.WaitOne(50);
-                }
-
-                if (!IsRenderCancelled) videoFFmpeg.End();
-                videoFFmpeg.Dispose();
-
-                lock (_allVideoFFmpegInstances)
+    private void UnregisterEncoder(FFmpegNativeEncoder videoFFmpeg)
     {
-                    _allVideoFFmpegInstances.Remove(videoFFmpeg);
-                }
-
-                _activeVideoFFmpeg = null;
-                endSuccessful = !IsRenderCancelled;
-            }
-            catch (Exception ex)
-            {
-                Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Error($"FFmpeg rendering thread error: {ex}");
-                videoFFmpeg.Dispose();
         lock (_allVideoFFmpegInstances)
         {
             _allVideoFFmpegInstances.Remove(videoFFmpeg);
         }
         _activeVideoFFmpeg = null;
     }
-        })
-        {
-            IsBackground = true,
-            Priority = ThreadPriority.AboveNormal
-        };
-
-        RenderThread.Start();
-    }
 
     public void CancelRender()
     {
@@ -640,7 +897,7 @@ internal class RenderManager : MonoBehaviour
         endRequested = true;
         if (!success)
         {
-            IsRenderCancelled = true;
+            MarkCancelled();
         }
         FrameAvailableEvent.Set();
         skipPressToStart = false;
@@ -654,7 +911,8 @@ internal class RenderManager : MonoBehaviour
         if (success) StartCoroutine(StopRenderCoroutine());
         else
         {
-            Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Error("Rendering failed or was cancelled. Safely cleaning up state and resources.");
+            var reason = IsRenderFailed ? $"FAILED ({_failureReason})" : "CANCELLED";
+            Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Error($"Rendering {reason}. Safely cleaning up state and resources.");
 
             // 1. Wait for render background thread to finish processing remaining queued frames and terminate
             if (RenderThread is { IsAlive: true })
@@ -687,6 +945,7 @@ internal class RenderManager : MonoBehaviour
             }
                 
             _frameReader?.Dispose();
+            ResetFrameHookState();
 
             // Clean up Debug Monitor UI
             if (_debugMonitorObj)
@@ -712,30 +971,26 @@ internal class RenderManager : MonoBehaviour
                 scrController.instance.noFailInfiniteMargin = false;
             }
 
-            // 6. Immediately delete cancelled incomplete temporary video file
-            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(CurrentOutPath) && File.Exists(CurrentOutPath))
+            // 6. Immediately delete the incomplete video file of this render
+            if (DeleteIncompleteOutputFile())
             {
-                try
-                {
-                    File.Delete(CurrentOutPath);
-                    Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Msg($"[File Cleanup] Deleted incomplete video: {CurrentOutPath}");
-                }
-                catch (Exception ex)
-                {
-                    Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Error($"[File Cleanup] Failed to delete temporary video: {ex.Message}");
-                }
                 CurrentOutPath = null;
             }
 
-            var result = BuildResult(false,
-                IsRenderCancelled ? "Rendering was cancelled by user." : "Rendering failed.");
+            var result = BuildResult(false, BuildAbortMessage());
             TriggerOnComplete(result);
         }
     }
 
     private IEnumerator StopRenderCoroutine()
     {
-        yield return new WaitUntil(() => endSuccessful);
+        yield return new WaitUntil(() => endSuccessful || RenderThread is not { IsAlive: true });
+        if (!endSuccessful)
+        {
+            MarkFailed("the render thread terminated unexpectedly.");
+            CancelRender();
+            yield break;
+        }
 
         var result = BuildResult(success: true);
         TriggerOnComplete(result);
@@ -744,6 +999,15 @@ internal class RenderManager : MonoBehaviour
     }
 
     private void EndRender()
+    {
+        RestoreRenderEnvironment();
+
+        ADOBase.loader.LoadSceneWithTransition(WipeDirection.StartsFromRight, "scnEditor");
+        Cursor.visible = true;
+    }
+
+    // Undoes what the render setup changed (time, input offset, auto, queues, session hooks), without leaving the scene.
+    private void RestoreRenderEnvironment()
     {
         Time.timeScale = 1f;
         Time.captureDeltaTime = 0f;
@@ -776,13 +1040,13 @@ internal class RenderManager : MonoBehaviour
         }
 
         _frameReader?.Dispose();
+        ResetFrameHookState();
         AudioMixer?.Reset(); AudioMixer = null;
-        SyncCalculator.Reset();
+        SyncCalculator = null;
         
+        AudioSpectrumGenerator.Clear();
         RenderContext.Reset();
             
-        ADOBase.loader.LoadSceneWithTransition(WipeDirection.StartsFromRight, "scnEditor");
-        Cursor.visible = true;
     }
 
     private RenderResult BuildResult(bool success, string? errorMessage = null)

Data/ColorJsonConverter.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+using System;
+using System.Globalization;
+using Newtonsoft.Json;
+using Newtonsoft.Json.Linq;
+using UnityEngine;
+
+namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Data;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Converts Unity <see cref="Color"/> and nullable <see cref="Color"/> to and from hex string (#RRGGBBAA).
+/// Pure C# implementation to completely avoid Unity internal native ECalls (such as Color.linear or ColorUtility.TryParseHtmlString).
+/// </summary>
+public class ColorJsonConverter : JsonConverter
+{
+    public override bool CanConvert(Type objectType)
+    {
+        return objectType == typeof(Color) || objectType == typeof(Color?);
+    }
+
+    public override void WriteJson(JsonWriter writer, object? value, JsonSerializer serializer)
+    {
+        if (value == null)
+        {
+            writer.WriteNull();
+            return;
+        }
+
+        var color = (Color)value;
+        writer.WriteValue(ToHex(color));
+    }
+
+    public override object? ReadJson(JsonReader reader, Type objectType, object? existingValue, JsonSerializer serializer)
+    {
+        bool isNullable = Nullable.GetUnderlyingType(objectType) != null || !objectType.IsValueType;
+
+        if (reader.TokenType == JsonToken.Null)
+        {
+            return isNullable ? null : (object)default(Color);
+        }
+
+        if (reader.TokenType == JsonToken.String)
+        {
+            var str = (string?)reader.Value;
+            if (TryParseHex(str, out var parsedColor))
+            {
+                return parsedColor;
+            }
+
+            return isNullable ? null : (object)default(Color);
+        }
+
+        if (reader.TokenType == JsonToken.StartObject)
+        {
+            var obj = JObject.Load(reader);
+            float r = (float?)obj["r"] ?? 0f;
+            float g = (float?)obj["g"] ?? 0f;
+            float b = (float?)obj["b"] ?? 0f;
+            float a = (float?)obj["a"] ?? 1f;
+            return new Color(r, g, b, a);
+        }
+
+        return isNullable ? null : (object)default(Color);
+    }
+
+    public static string ToHex(Color color)
+    {
+        byte r = (byte)Math.Clamp((int)Math.Round(color.r * 255f), 0, 255);
+        byte g = (byte)Math.Clamp((int)Math.Round(color.g * 255f), 0, 255);
+        byte b = (byte)Math.Clamp((int)Math.Round(color.b * 255f), 0, 255);
+        byte a = (byte)Math.Clamp((int)Math.Round(color.a * 255f), 0, 255);
+        return $"#{r:X2}{g:X2}{b:X2}{a:X2}";
+    }
+
+    public static bool TryParseHex(string? hex, out Color color)
+    {
+        color = default;
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hex)) return false;
+
+        var str = hex.Trim();
+        if (str.StartsWith("#"))
+        {
+            str = str.Substring(1);
+        }
+
+        if (str.Length == 6)
+        {
+            if (byte.TryParse(str.Substring(0, 2), NumberStyles.HexNumber, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out var r) &&
+                byte.TryParse(str.Substring(2, 2), NumberStyles.HexNumber, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out var g) &&
+                byte.TryParse(str.Substring(4, 2), NumberStyles.HexNumber, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out var b))
+            {
+                color = new Color(r / 255f, g / 255f, b / 255f, 1f);
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        else if (str.Length == 8)
+        {
+            if (byte.TryParse(str.Substring(0, 2), NumberStyles.HexNumber, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out var r) &&
+                byte.TryParse(str.Substring(2, 2), NumberStyles.HexNumber, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out var g) &&
+                byte.TryParse(str.Substring(4, 2), NumberStyles.HexNumber, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out var b) &&
+                byte.TryParse(str.Substring(6, 2), NumberStyles.HexNumber, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out var a))
+            {
+                color = new Color(r / 255f, g / 255f, b / 255f, a / 255f);
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+}

Data/RenderConfig.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 using System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis;
+using Newtonsoft.Json;
 using UnityEngine;
 
 namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Data;
@@ -18,6 +19,28 @@ public class RenderConfig
 
     public double DelayAfterEnd { get; set; } = 15;
     public bool ShowJudgementText { get; set; } = false;
+
+    public void CopyFrom(RenderConfig? source)
+    {
+        if (source == null) return;
+        RenderFPS = source.RenderFPS;
+        VideoFPS = source.VideoFPS;
+        RenderWidth = source.RenderWidth;
+        RenderHeight = source.RenderHeight;
+        DelayAfterEnd = source.DelayAfterEnd;
+        ShowJudgementText = source.ShowJudgementText;
+
+        VideoConfig.CopyFrom(source.VideoConfig);
+        AudioConfig.CopyFrom(source.AudioConfig);
+        AdvancedConfig.CopyFrom(source.AdvancedConfig);
+    }
+
+    public RenderConfig Clone()
+    {
+        var clone = new RenderConfig();
+        clone.CopyFrom(this);
+        return clone;
+    }
 }
 
 [SuppressMessage("ReSharper", "RedundantDefaultMemberInitializer")]
@@ -28,9 +51,33 @@ public class AdvancedConfig
     public bool NonTile { get; set; } = false;
     public string FileExtension { get; set; } = "mkv";
 
+    [JsonConverter(typeof(ColorJsonConverter))]
     public Color? firePlanetColor = null;
+
+    [JsonConverter(typeof(ColorJsonConverter))]
     public Color? icePlanetColor = null;
+
+    [JsonConverter(typeof(ColorJsonConverter))]
     public Color? windPlanetColor = null;
+
+    public void CopyFrom(AdvancedConfig? source)
+    {
+        if (source == null) return;
+        RandomSeed = source.RandomSeed;
+        ProcessAudio = source.ProcessAudio;
+        NonTile = source.NonTile;
+        FileExtension = source.FileExtension;
+        firePlanetColor = source.firePlanetColor;
+        icePlanetColor = source.icePlanetColor;
+        windPlanetColor = source.windPlanetColor;
+    }
+
+    public AdvancedConfig Clone()
+    {
+        var clone = new AdvancedConfig();
+        clone.CopyFrom(this);
+        return clone;
+    }
 }
 
 public class VideoEncodingConfig
@@ -44,6 +91,25 @@ public class VideoEncodingConfig
     public int QP { get; set; } = 18;
     public double KeyframeInterval { get; set; } = 2.0;
     public bool ForceSoftwareEncoder { get; set; }
+
+    public void CopyFrom(VideoEncodingConfig? source)
+    {
+        if (source == null) return;
+        Codec = source.Codec;
+        RateControlMode = source.RateControlMode;
+        Bitrate = source.Bitrate;
+        MaxBitrate = source.MaxBitrate;
+        QP = source.QP;
+        KeyframeInterval = source.KeyframeInterval;
+        ForceSoftwareEncoder = source.ForceSoftwareEncoder;
+    }
+
+    public VideoEncodingConfig Clone()
+    {
+        var clone = new VideoEncodingConfig();
+        clone.CopyFrom(this);
+        return clone;
+    }
 }
 
 public class AudioEncodingConfig
@@ -71,4 +137,20 @@ public class AudioEncodingConfig
         get => _audioBitrate <= 0 ? 256000 : _audioBitrate;
         set => _audioBitrate = value <= 0 ? 256000 : value;
     }
+
+    public void CopyFrom(AudioEncodingConfig? source)
+    {
+        if (source == null) return;
+        RenderAudio = source.RenderAudio;
+        AudioSampleRate = source.AudioSampleRate;
+        AudioChannels = source.AudioChannels;
+        AudioBitrate = source.AudioBitrate;
+    }
+
+    public AudioEncodingConfig Clone()
+    {
+        var clone = new AudioEncodingConfig();
+        clone.CopyFrom(this);
+        return clone;
+    }
 }␍

LICENSE-EXCEPTION.md

@@ -4,8 +4,6 @@
 
 ---
 
-## 1. Legal Terms (Official)
-
 Linking this Program statically or dynamically with other modules is making a combined work based on this Program. Thus, the terms and conditions of the GNU General Public License cover the whole combination.
 
 As a special exception, the copyright holders of this Program give you permission to dynamically link this Program with independent modules that interact with or reference this Program solely through the public application programming interfaces (APIs), types, and data structures declared within the following namespaces:
@@ -22,21 +20,3 @@ An **"independent module"** is a separate and distinct software module that is n
 This exception does not grant any permission to modify the source code of this Program itself outside the terms of the GNU General Public License version 3.
 
 In accordance with section 7 of the GNU GPL version 3, if you modify this Program, you may extend this exception to your version of the Program, but you are not obligated to do so. If you do not wish to provide this exception in your derivative work, you may remove this exception statement from your version.
-
----
-
-## 2. 조항 해설 (Korean Guide)
-
-본 문서는 GNU General Public License 버전 3 (GPLv3) 제7조(추가적인 허가, Additional Permissions)에 따라 제공되는 공식 예외 조항입니다.
-
-### 핵심 요약
-
-- **동적 링킹(Dynamic Linking)만 허용**:
-  - 본 예외 조항은 **동적 링킹(런타임 참조 및 어셈블리 동적 로드)**에만 배타적으로 적용됩니다.
-  - ADOFAIRenderer 또는 그 일부 코드를 대상 모드/프로그램에 직접 병합하거나 포함(ILMerge, Costura, 바이너리 직접 내장/정적 컴파일 등)하는 **정적 링킹(Static Linking)은 본 예외 대상에서 제외**되며, 순수 GPLv3의 카피레프트(전염성) 의무가 그대로 적용됩니다.
-- **외부 모드의 라이선스 자유**:
-  - 제3자 모드 또는 외부 프로그램이 동적 링킹을 통해 `ADOFAIRenderer.API` 및 `ADOFAIRenderer.Data` 네임스페이스의 공개 API, 클래스, 데이터 구조만을 참조·호출하여 연동하는 경우, 해당 모드는 **GPLv3의 카피레프트 의무를 적용받지 않습니다.**
-  - 외부 모드 개발자는 자신의 모드를 MIT, Apache-2.0, 독점/상용 라이선스 등 원하는 라이선스로 자유롭게 배포할 수 있습니다.
-- **ADOFAIRenderer 코어 보호**:
-  - ADOFAIRenderer 자체의 소스 코드(렌더링 파이프라인, 코어 패치, 내부 유틸리티 등)를 수정하거나 재배포하는 경우에는 본 예외 조항이 적용되지 않으며, 순수 GPLv3 라이선스 조건이 그대로 적용됩니다.
-

Localization/Locale/en.json

@@ -1,5 +1,19 @@
 {
   "ui.render_config.window_title": "Render Config",
+  "ui.render_config.presets": "Presets",
+  "ui.render_config.preset_select": "Preset",
+  "ui.render_config.preset_name_placeholder": "New preset name...",
+  "ui.render_config.preset_save": "Save",
+  "ui.render_config.preset_delete": "Delete",
+  "ui.render_config.preset_delete_confirm": "Confirm?",
+  "ui.render_config.preset_overwrite_title": "Overwrite Preset",
+  "ui.render_config.preset_overwrite_desc": "A preset named '{0}' already exists. Do you want to overwrite it?",
+  "ui.render_config.preset_delete_title": "Delete Preset",
+  "ui.render_config.preset_delete_desc": "Are you sure you want to delete preset '{0}'?",
+  "ui.render_config.preset_name_empty": "Please enter a preset name.",
+  "ui.render_config.preset_custom": "(Modified)",
+  "ui.render_config.confirm": "Confirm",
+  "ui.render_config.cancel": "Cancel",
   "ui.render_config.render_fps": "Render FPS",
   "ui.render_config.video_fps": "Video FPS",
   "ui.render_config.render_width": "Render Width",

Localization/Locale/ko.json

@@ -1,16 +1,30 @@
 {
   "ui.render_config.window_title": "렌더 설정",
+  "ui.render_config.presets": "프리셋",
+  "ui.render_config.preset_select": "프리셋 선택",
+  "ui.render_config.preset_name_placeholder": "새 프리셋 이름...",
+  "ui.render_config.preset_save": "저장",
+  "ui.render_config.preset_delete": "삭제",
+  "ui.render_config.preset_delete_confirm": "삭제 확인",
+  "ui.render_config.preset_overwrite_title": "프리셋 덮어쓰기",
+  "ui.render_config.preset_overwrite_desc": "'{0}' 프리셋이 이미 존재합니다. 덮어쓰시겠습니까?",
+  "ui.render_config.preset_delete_title": "프리셋 삭제",
+  "ui.render_config.preset_delete_desc": "'{0}' 프리셋을 정말 삭제하시겠습니까?",
+  "ui.render_config.preset_name_empty": "프리셋 이름을 입력해 주세요.",
+  "ui.render_config.preset_custom": "(수정됨)",
+  "ui.render_config.confirm": "확인",
+  "ui.render_config.cancel": "취소",
   "ui.render_config.render_fps": "렌더링 FPS",
   "ui.render_config.video_fps": "영상 FPS",
   "ui.render_config.render_width": "렌더링 너비",
   "ui.render_config.render_height": "렌더링 높이",
   "ui.render_config.delay_after_end": "종료 후 대기 시간 (초)",
   "ui.render_config.show_judgement": "판정 텍스트 표시",
-  "ui.render_config.video_encoding": "Video Encoding Config",
-  "ui.render_config.audio_encoding": "Audio Encoding Config",
-  "ui.render_config.global_settings": "Global Settings",
-  "ui.render_config.advanced_settings": "Advanced Settings",
-  "ui.render_config.go_render": "렌더 시작",
+  "ui.render_config.video_encoding": "비디오 인코딩 설정",
+  "ui.render_config.audio_encoding": "오디오 인코딩 설정",
+  "ui.render_config.global_settings": "전역 설정",
+  "ui.render_config.advanced_settings": "고급 설정",
+  "ui.render_config.go_render": "렌더링하러 가다",
   "ui.render_config.codec": "코덱",
   "ui.render_config.rate_control": "비트레이트 제어 모드",
   "ui.render_config.bitrate": "비트레이트 (kbps)",

Patch/Game/DetailedResultsPatch.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+using ADOFAIRenderer.Core;
+using HarmonyLib;
+
+namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Patch.Game;
+
+[HarmonyPatch(typeof(DetailedResults))]
+// ReSharper disable once InconsistentNaming
+public static class DetailedResultsPatch
+{
+    [HarmonyPrefix]
+    [HarmonyPatch("Show")]
+    // ReSharper disable once InconsistentNaming
+    public static bool PreventShow(DetailedResults __instance)
+    {
+        if (!RenderManager.IsActive) return true;
+
+        if (__instance)
+        {
+            __instance.enabled = false;
+            if (__instance.gameObject) __instance.gameObject.SetActive(false);
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+}

Patch/Game/scrControllerPatch.cs

@@ -41,4 +41,38 @@ public static class scrControllerPatch
     {
         return !RenderManager.IsActive;
     }
+
+    [HarmonyPostfix]
+    [HarmonyPatch("OnLandOnPortal")]
+    public static void PreventWinTextsPostfix(scrController __instance)
+    {
+        if (!RenderManager.IsActive || __instance == null) return;
+
+        if (__instance.txtCongrats)
+        {
+            __instance.txtCongrats.text = string.Empty;
+            __instance.txtCongrats.gameObject.SetActive(false);
+        }
+
+        if (__instance.txtAprilCongrats)
+        {
+            __instance.txtAprilCongrats.text = string.Empty;
+            __instance.txtAprilCongrats.gameObject.SetActive(false);
+        }
+
+        if (__instance.txtAllStrictClear)
+        {
+            __instance.txtAllStrictClear.text = string.Empty;
+            __instance.txtAllStrictClear.gameObject.SetActive(false);
+        }
+
+        if (__instance.detailedResults)
+        {
+            __instance.detailedResults.enabled = false;
+            if (__instance.detailedResults.gameObject != null)
+            {
+                __instance.detailedResults.gameObject.SetActive(false);
+            }
+        }
+    }
 }

Patch/Game/scrPressToStartPatch.cs

@@ -14,6 +14,12 @@ public class scrPressToStartPatch
         if (!RenderManager.Instance || !RenderManager.Instance.skipPressToStart) return true;
 
         RenderManager.Instance.skipPressToStart = false;
+
+        // scrPressToStart.ShowText ends with ShowDifficultyContainer(mode). Skipping ShowText skips that call too,
+        // which leaves the difficulty selector active and clickable. DontShow deactivates difficultyContainer
+        // and makes the keyboard difficulty shortcuts (difficultyUIMode != DontShow checks) do nothing.
+        if (scrUIController.instance)
+            scrUIController.instance.ShowDifficultyContainer(DifficultyUIMode.DontShow);
         return false;
     }
 }

README.md

@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@
 
 By decoupling the game's simulation timestep from wall-clock time, ADOFAI Renderer enables creators to produce smooth, ultra-high-definition game videos with perfect audio sync, regardless of hardware limitations or level complexity.
 
+> Generative AI technology was partially utilized in the development of this mod.
+
 ---
 
 ## ✨ Key Features

RenderMod.cs

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ using MelonLoader.Utils;
 using UnityEngine;
 using Object = UnityEngine.Object;
 
-[assembly: MelonInfo(typeof(RenderMod), "ADOFAI Renderer", "0.2.3-INDEV", "ADOFAI Editor Forum")]
+[assembly: MelonInfo(typeof(RenderMod), "ADOFAI Renderer", "0.2.8-INDEV", "ADOFAI Editor Forum")]
 [assembly: MelonGame("7th Beat Games", "A Dance of Fire and Ice")]
 
 namespace ADOFAIRenderer;

UI/CommonWarningDialogUI.cs

@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
+using MelonLoader;
+using O5Kit.Core;
+using O5Kit.Factory;
 using TMPro;
 using UnityEngine;
 using UnityEngine.UI;
 using UnityEngine.UIElements;
-using Button = UnityEngine.UI.Button;
 using Image = UnityEngine.UI.Image;
 
 namespace ADOFAIRenderer.UI;
@@ -29,6 +31,7 @@ internal class CommonWarningDialogUI : MonoBehaviour
 {
     public static CommonWarningDialogUI? Instance { get; private set; }
     private readonly List<VisualElement> _disabledElements = new();
+    private O5Window? _window;
 
     private void Awake()
     {
@@ -37,6 +40,9 @@ internal class CommonWarningDialogUI : MonoBehaviour
 
     private void OnDestroy()
     {
+        _window?.Dispose();
+        _window = null;
+
         foreach (var elem in _disabledElements)
         {
             if (elem != null)
@@ -87,9 +93,8 @@ internal class CommonWarningDialogUI : MonoBehaviour
         // Canvas setup
         var canvas = gameObject.AddComponent<Canvas>();
         canvas.renderMode = RenderMode.ScreenSpaceOverlay;
-        canvas.sortingOrder = 32766; // Just below FFmpegDownloadUI (32767)
+        canvas.sortingOrder = 32766;
 
-        // Responsive Canvas Scaler setup
         var scaler = gameObject.AddComponent<CanvasScaler>();
         scaler.uiScaleMode = CanvasScaler.ScaleMode.ScaleWithScreenSize;
         scaler.referenceResolution = new Vector2(1920, 1080);
@@ -98,13 +103,15 @@ internal class CommonWarningDialogUI : MonoBehaviour
 
         gameObject.AddComponent<GraphicRaycaster>();
 
-        // 1. Create full screen overlay background
-        var bgPanelObj = new GameObject("BackgroundPanel");
+        var ctx = RendererUIManager.Context;
+
+        // 1. Create full screen backdrop (scrim) to block background input
+        var bgPanelObj = new GameObject("Backdrop");
         bgPanelObj.transform.SetParent(transform, false);
         bgPanelObj.layer = 5;
 
         var bgImage = bgPanelObj.AddComponent<Image>();
-        bgImage.color = new Color(0f, 0f, 0f, 0.65f); // Dark transparent overlay
+        bgImage.color = new Color(0f, 0f, 0f, 0.65f);
         bgImage.raycastTarget = true;
 
         var bgRect = bgPanelObj.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
@@ -113,112 +120,66 @@ internal class CommonWarningDialogUI : MonoBehaviour
         bgRect.offsetMin = Vector2.zero;
         bgRect.offsetMax = Vector2.zero;
 
-        var font = ModAssets.NanumSquareNeoNormal;
+        // 2. Create actual native O5Window
+        _window = O5Window.Create(ctx, bgPanelObj.transform, new O5WindowOptions
+        {
+            Id = "RendererMod_WarningDialog",
+            Title = title,
+            Size = new Vector2(540, 240),
+            Draggable = true,
+            Resizable = false,
+            ShowCloseButton = false,
+            ShowOutline = true,
+            Padding = new RectOffset(16, 16, 16, 16)
+        });
 
-        // 2. Create modal container
-        var modalContainerObj = new GameObject("ModalContainer");
-        modalContainerObj.transform.SetParent(bgPanelObj.transform, false);
-        modalContainerObj.layer = 5;
+        // 3. Build content inside window.Content
+        var content = _window.Content;
 
-        var modalImage = modalContainerObj.AddComponent<Image>();
-        modalImage.color = new Color(0.08f, 0.08f, 0.1f, 0.88f); // Matching background tone of existing UI
+        var vLayout = content.gameObject.AddComponent<VerticalLayoutGroup>();
+        vLayout.spacing = 16f;
+        vLayout.padding = new RectOffset(16, 16, 12, 12);
+        vLayout.childControlWidth = true;
+        vLayout.childControlHeight = true;
+        vLayout.childForceExpandWidth = true;
+        vLayout.childForceExpandHeight = false;
 
-        var modalOutline = modalContainerObj.AddComponent<Outline>();
-        modalOutline.effectColor = Color.white;
-        modalOutline.effectDistance = new Vector2(3.0f, -3.0f); // Consistent with existing UI outline style
-            
-        var modalRect = modalContainerObj.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
-        modalRect.anchorMin = new Vector2(0.5f, 0.5f);
-        modalRect.anchorMax = new Vector2(0.5f, 0.5f);
-        modalRect.pivot = new Vector2(0.5f, 0.5f);
-        modalRect.sizeDelta = new Vector2(650, 360);
-            
-        // 3. Create title text
-        var titleObj = new GameObject("TitleText");
-        titleObj.transform.SetParent(modalContainerObj.transform, false);
-        titleObj.layer = 5;
-            
-        var titleText = titleObj.AddComponent<TextMeshProUGUI>();
-        titleText.text = title;
-        titleText.fontSize = 24;
-        titleText.font = font;
-        titleText.color = new Color(1.0f, 0.8f, 0.2f, 1.0f); // Orange/yellow tone matching warning theme
-        titleText.alignment = TextAlignmentOptions.Center;
-            
-        var titleRect = titleObj.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
-        titleRect.anchorMin = new Vector2(0, 1);
-        titleRect.anchorMax = new Vector2(1, 1);
-        titleRect.pivot = new Vector2(0.5f, 1);
-        titleRect.anchoredPosition = new Vector2(0, -35);
-        titleRect.sizeDelta = new Vector2(0, 40);
-            
-        // 4. Create description text
-        var descObj = new GameObject("DescriptionText");
-        descObj.transform.SetParent(modalContainerObj.transform, false);
-        descObj.layer = 5;
-            
-        var descText = descObj.AddComponent<TextMeshProUGUI>();
+        // Description text
+        var descText = O5Factory.ControlText(ctx, content, 18f, noPad: true);
         descText.text = description;
-        descText.fontSize = 20;
-        descText.font = font;
-        descText.color = new Color(0.85f, 0.85f, 0.85f, 1f);
         descText.alignment = TextAlignmentOptions.Center;
-        descText.lineSpacing = 8;
+        descText.textWrappingMode = TextWrappingModes.Normal;
+        descText.lineSpacing = 6;
+        descText.color = new Color(0.88f, 0.88f, 0.88f, 1f);
 
-        var descRect = descObj.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
-        descRect.anchorMin = new Vector2(0, 0.5f);
-        descRect.anchorMax = new Vector2(1, 1);
-        descRect.pivot = new Vector2(0.5f, 0.5f);
-        descRect.anchoredPosition = new Vector2(0, -65);
-        descRect.sizeDelta = new Vector2(-40, 120);
+        // ReSharper disable once InconsistentNaming
+        var descLE = descText.gameObject.AddComponent<LayoutElement>();
+        descLE.flexibleWidth = 1f;
+        descLE.flexibleHeight = 1f;
 
-        // 5. Create button container
-        var buttonContainerObj = new GameObject("ButtonContainer", typeof(RectTransform));
-        buttonContainerObj.transform.SetParent(modalContainerObj.transform, false);
-        buttonContainerObj.layer = 5;
+        // Button action row
+        var btnRowObj = new GameObject("ButtonRow");
+        btnRowObj.transform.SetParent(content, false);
+        var btnRowRect = btnRowObj.AddComponent<RectTransform>();
+        var btnRowLE = btnRowObj.AddComponent<LayoutElement>();
+        btnRowLE.preferredHeight = 40f;
+        btnRowLE.flexibleWidth = 1f;
 
-        var btnContainerRect = buttonContainerObj.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
-        btnContainerRect.anchorMin = new Vector2(0, 0);
-        btnContainerRect.anchorMax = new Vector2(1, 0);
-        btnContainerRect.pivot = new Vector2(0.5f, 0);
-        btnContainerRect.anchoredPosition = new Vector2(0, 35);
-        btnContainerRect.sizeDelta = new Vector2(0, 50);
+        var hLayout = btnRowObj.AddComponent<HorizontalLayoutGroup>();
+        hLayout.spacing = 10f;
+        hLayout.childAlignment = TextAnchor.MiddleCenter;
+        hLayout.childControlWidth = true;
+        hLayout.childControlHeight = true;
+        hLayout.childForceExpandWidth = true;
+        hLayout.childForceExpandHeight = true;
 
-        // 6. Dynamic button layout and styling
-        float totalWidth = 560f;
-        float spacing = 15f;
-        float buttonHeight = 45f;
-        int numButtons = buttons.Length;
-
-        float buttonWidth = numButtons == 1 
-            ? 200f 
-            : (totalWidth - (spacing * (numButtons - 1))) / numButtons;
-
-        float startX = numButtons == 1 
-            ? 0 
-            : (-totalWidth / 2f) + (buttonWidth / 2f);
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < numButtons; i++)
+        for (var i = 0; i < buttons.Length; i++)
         {
             var btnData = buttons[i];
-            var btnObj = new GameObject($"Button_{i}");
-            btnObj.transform.SetParent(buttonContainerObj.transform, false);
-            btnObj.layer = 5;
-
-            // Define default colors
-            Color baseColor = btnData.BackgroundColor ?? new Color(0.2f, 0.2f, 0.23f, 1f); // Custom color or gray default
-            Color hoverColor = ApplyColorBrightness(baseColor, 1.2f);
-            Color pressedColor = ApplyColorBrightness(baseColor, 0.8f);
-
-            var btnImage = btnObj.AddComponent<Image>();
-            btnImage.color = baseColor;
-            btnImage.raycastTarget = true;
-
-            var btn = btnObj.AddComponent<Button>();
-            SetupButtonStyle(btn, baseColor, hoverColor, pressedColor);
-                
-            // Register click callback
-            btn.onClick.AddListener(() =>
+            var btn = O5Factory.Button(
+                ctx: ctx,
+                parent: btnRowRect,
+                onClick: () =>
                 {
                     try
                     {
@@ -226,59 +187,24 @@ internal class CommonWarningDialogUI : MonoBehaviour
                     }
                     catch (Exception ex)
                     {
-                    MelonLoader.Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Error($"Dialog Button Click Event Error: {ex}");
+                        Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Error($"Dialog Button Click Event Error: {ex}");
                     }
                     Destroy(gameObject);
-            });
+                },
+                text: btnData.Text,
+                id: $"btn_dialog_{i}",
+                height: 40f
+            );
 
-            var btnRect = btnObj.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
-            btnRect.anchorMin = new Vector2(0.5f, 0.5f);
-            btnRect.anchorMax = new Vector2(0.5f, 0.5f);
-            btnRect.pivot = new Vector2(0.5f, 0.5f);
-                
-            float posX = numButtons == 1 
-                ? 0 
-                : startX + i * (buttonWidth + spacing);
-                
-            btnRect.anchoredPosition = new Vector2(posX, 0);
-            btnRect.sizeDelta = new Vector2(buttonWidth, buttonHeight);
-
-            // Add text label
-            var txtObj = new GameObject("Text");
-            txtObj.transform.SetParent(btnObj.transform, false);
-            txtObj.layer = 5;
-
-            var text = txtObj.AddComponent<TextMeshProUGUI>();
-            text.text = btnData.Text;
-            text.fontSize = 20;
-            text.font = font;
-            text.color = Color.white;
-            text.alignment = TextAlignmentOptions.Center;
-
-            var txtRect = txtObj.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
-            txtRect.anchorMin = Vector2.zero;
-            txtRect.anchorMax = Vector2.one;
-            txtRect.offsetMin = Vector2.zero;
-            txtRect.offsetMax = Vector2.zero;
-        }
-    }
-
-    private void SetupButtonStyle(Button button, Color normalColor, Color hoverColor, Color pressedColor)
+            if (btnData.BackgroundColor.HasValue)
             {
-        button.transition = Selectable.Transition.ColorTint;
-        var colors = button.colors;
-        colors.normalColor = normalColor;
-        colors.highlightedColor = hoverColor;
-        colors.pressedColor = pressedColor;
-        colors.disabledColor = new Color(0.3f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1f);
-        button.colors = colors;
+                btn.NormalColor = btnData.BackgroundColor.Value;
+                btn.UpdateVisual();
             }
 
-    private Color ApplyColorBrightness(Color color, float factor)
-    {
-        float r = Mathf.Clamp01(color.r * factor);
-        float g = Mathf.Clamp01(color.g * factor);
-        float b = Mathf.Clamp01(color.b * factor);
-        return new Color(r, g, b, color.a);
+            var le = btn.Rect.gameObject.AddComponent<LayoutElement>();
+            le.flexibleWidth = 1f;
+            le.preferredHeight = 40f;
+        }
     }
 }

UI/FFmpegDownloadUI.cs

@@ -4,11 +4,13 @@ using System.IO.Compression;
 using System.Net.Http;
 using System.Text;
 using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using MelonLoader;
+using MelonLoader.Utils;
+using O5Kit.Core;
+using O5Kit.Factory;
 using TMPro;
 using UnityEngine;
 using UnityEngine.UI;
-using MelonLoader;
-using MelonLoader.Utils;
 
 namespace ADOFAIRenderer.UI;
 
@@ -22,6 +24,7 @@ internal class FFmpegDownloadUI : MonoBehaviour
     private GameObject _statusTextObj = null!;
     private TextMeshProUGUI _statusText = null!;
 
+    private O5Window? _window;
     private bool _isDownloading;
     private string DownloadUrl => Application.platform switch
     {
@@ -104,13 +107,15 @@ internal class FFmpegDownloadUI : MonoBehaviour
             
         gameObject.AddComponent<GraphicRaycaster>();
 
-        // 1. Create full screen overlay background
-        var bgPanelObj = new GameObject("BackgroundPanel");
+        var ctx = RendererUIManager.Context;
+
+        // 1. Create full screen backdrop
+        var bgPanelObj = new GameObject("Backdrop");
         bgPanelObj.transform.SetParent(transform, false);
         bgPanelObj.layer = 5;
             
         var bgImage = bgPanelObj.AddComponent<Image>();
-        bgImage.color = new Color(0f, 0f, 0f, 0.65f); // Dark transparent overlay
+        bgImage.color = new Color(0f, 0f, 0f, 0.65f);
         bgImage.raycastTarget = true;
             
         var bgRect = bgPanelObj.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
@@ -119,51 +124,31 @@ internal class FFmpegDownloadUI : MonoBehaviour
         bgRect.offsetMin = Vector2.zero;
         bgRect.offsetMax = Vector2.zero;
             
-        var font = ModAssets.NanumSquareNeoNormal;
+        // 2. Create actual native O5Window
+        _window = O5Window.Create(ctx, bgPanelObj.transform, new O5WindowOptions
+        {
+            Id = "RendererMod_FFmpegDownloadDialog",
+            Title = "FFmpeg Library Installation Required",
+            Size = new Vector2(580, 270),
+            Draggable = true,
+            Resizable = false,
+            ShowCloseButton = false,
+            ShowOutline = true,
+            Padding = new RectOffset(16, 16, 16, 16)
+        });
 
-        // 2. Create modal container
-        var modalContainerObj = new GameObject("ModalContainer");
-        modalContainerObj.transform.SetParent(bgPanelObj.transform, false);
-        modalContainerObj.layer = 5;
+        var content = _window.Content;
 
-        var modalImage = modalContainerObj.AddComponent<Image>();
-        modalImage.color = new Color(0.08f, 0.08f, 0.1f, 0.88f);
+        var vLayout = content.gameObject.AddComponent<VerticalLayoutGroup>();
+        vLayout.spacing = 14f;
+        vLayout.padding = new RectOffset(16, 16, 10, 10);
+        vLayout.childControlWidth = true;
+        vLayout.childControlHeight = true;
+        vLayout.childForceExpandWidth = true;
+        vLayout.childForceExpandHeight = false;
 
-        var modalOutline = modalContainerObj.AddComponent<Outline>();
-        modalOutline.effectColor = Color.white;
-        modalOutline.effectDistance = new Vector2(3.0f, -3.0f);
-            
-        var modalRect = modalContainerObj.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
-        modalRect.anchorMin = new Vector2(0.5f, 0.5f);
-        modalRect.anchorMax = new Vector2(0.5f, 0.5f);
-        modalRect.pivot = new Vector2(0.5f, 0.5f);
-        modalRect.sizeDelta = new Vector2(600, 320);
-            
-        // 4. Create title text
-        var titleObj = new GameObject("TitleText");
-        titleObj.transform.SetParent(modalContainerObj.transform, false);
-        titleObj.layer = 5;
-            
-        var titleText = titleObj.AddComponent<TextMeshProUGUI>();
-        titleText.text = "FFmpeg Library Installation Required";
-        titleText.fontSize = 26;
-        titleText.font = font;
-        titleText.color = Color.white;
-        titleText.alignment = TextAlignmentOptions.Center;
-            
-        var titleRect = titleObj.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
-        titleRect.anchorMin = new Vector2(0, 1);
-        titleRect.anchorMax = new Vector2(1, 1);
-        titleRect.pivot = new Vector2(0.5f, 1);
-        titleRect.anchoredPosition = new Vector2(0, -35);
-        titleRect.sizeDelta = new Vector2(0, 40);
-            
-        // 5. Create description text
-        var descObj = new GameObject("DescriptionText");
-        descObj.transform.SetParent(modalContainerObj.transform, false);
-        descObj.layer = 5;
-            
-        var descText = descObj.AddComponent<TextMeshProUGUI>();
+        // 3. Description text
+        var descText = O5Factory.ControlText(ctx, content, 18f, noPad: true);
         var descStrBuilder = new StringBuilder();
         descStrBuilder.AppendLine("FFmpeg shared libraries are required to render video.");
         if (Application.platform == RuntimePlatform.OSXPlayer)
@@ -176,139 +161,104 @@ internal class FFmpegDownloadUI : MonoBehaviour
             descStrBuilder.AppendLine("Click the button below to automatically download and install from the internet.");
             descStrBuilder.AppendLine("<color=#aaaaaa><size=13>(Download size: ~70MB, extracted to UserLibs folder)</size></color>");
         }
-
         descText.text = descStrBuilder.ToString();
-        descText.fontSize = 16;
-        descText.font = font;
-        descText.color = new Color(0.85f, 0.85f, 0.85f, 1f);
         descText.alignment = TextAlignmentOptions.Center;
-        descText.lineSpacing = 10;
+        descText.textWrappingMode = TextWrappingModes.Normal;
+        descText.lineSpacing = 5;
+        descText.color = new Color(0.85f, 0.85f, 0.85f, 1f);
 
-        var descRect = descObj.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
-        descRect.anchorMin = new Vector2(0, 0.5f);
-        descRect.anchorMax = new Vector2(1, 1);
-        descRect.pivot = new Vector2(0.5f, 0.5f);
-        descRect.anchoredPosition = new Vector2(0, -60);
-        descRect.sizeDelta = new Vector2(-40, 100);
+        var descLE = descText.gameObject.AddComponent<LayoutElement>();
+        descLE.flexibleWidth = 1f;
+        descLE.flexibleHeight = 1f;
 
-        // 6. Create button container
-        _buttonContainerObj = new GameObject("ButtonContainer", typeof(RectTransform));
-        _buttonContainerObj.transform.SetParent(modalContainerObj.transform, false);
+        // 4. Button container
+        _buttonContainerObj = new GameObject("ButtonContainer");
+        _buttonContainerObj.transform.SetParent(content, false);
         _buttonContainerObj.layer = 5;
 
-        var btnContainerRect = _buttonContainerObj.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
-        btnContainerRect.anchorMin = new Vector2(0, 0);
-        btnContainerRect.anchorMax = new Vector2(1, 0);
-        btnContainerRect.pivot = new Vector2(0.5f, 0);
-        btnContainerRect.anchoredPosition = new Vector2(0, 35);
-        btnContainerRect.sizeDelta = new Vector2(0, 50);
+        var btnContainerLE = _buttonContainerObj.AddComponent<LayoutElement>();
+        btnContainerLE.preferredHeight = 40f;
+        btnContainerLE.flexibleWidth = 1f;
 
-        // 7. Create download button
-        var downloadBtnObj = new GameObject("DownloadButton");
-        downloadBtnObj.transform.SetParent(_buttonContainerObj.transform, false);
-        downloadBtnObj.layer = 5;
+        var btnLayout = _buttonContainerObj.AddComponent<HorizontalLayoutGroup>();
+        btnLayout.spacing = 10f;
+        btnLayout.childAlignment = TextAnchor.MiddleCenter;
+        btnLayout.childControlWidth = true;
+        btnLayout.childControlHeight = true;
+        btnLayout.childForceExpandWidth = true;
+        btnLayout.childForceExpandHeight = true;
 
-        var downloadImg = downloadBtnObj.AddComponent<Image>();
-        downloadImg.color = new Color(0.0f, 0.8f, 1.0f, 1.0f); // Sleek cyan/blue
-        downloadImg.raycastTarget = true;
+        Action onDownloadClick = Application.platform != RuntimePlatform.OSXPlayer 
+            ? StartDownloadProcess 
+            : () => { Application.OpenURL("https://ffmpeg.org"); Destroy(gameObject); };
 
-        var downloadBtn = downloadBtnObj.AddComponent<Button>();
-        SetupButtonStyle(downloadBtn, new Color(0.0f, 0.8f, 1.0f, 1.0f), new Color(0.2f, 0.9f, 1.0f, 1.0f), new Color(0.0f, 0.6f, 0.8f, 1.0f));
-        if (Application.platform != RuntimePlatform.OSXPlayer) downloadBtn.onClick.AddListener(StartDownloadProcess);
-        else
-        {
-            downloadBtn.onClick.AddListener(OpenFFmpegWebsite);
-            void OpenFFmpegWebsite() { Application.OpenURL("https://ffmpeg.org"); Destroy(gameObject); }
-        }
+        var downloadBtn = O5Factory.Button(
+            ctx: ctx,
+            parent: _buttonContainerObj.transform,
+            onClick: onDownloadClick,
+            text: Application.platform != RuntimePlatform.OSXPlayer ? "Download & Install" : "Open Website",
+            id: "btn_ffmpeg_download",
+            height: 40f
+        );
+        downloadBtn.NormalColor = ctx.Theme.ObjectActiveBright;
+        downloadBtn.UpdateVisual();
 
-        var downloadBtnRect = downloadBtnObj.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
-        downloadBtnRect.anchorMin = new Vector2(0.5f, 0.5f);
-        downloadBtnRect.anchorMax = new Vector2(0.5f, 0.5f);
-        downloadBtnRect.pivot = new Vector2(1f, 0.5f);
-        downloadBtnRect.anchoredPosition = new Vector2(-15, 0);
-        downloadBtnRect.sizeDelta = new Vector2(180, 45);
+        var downloadBtnLE = downloadBtn.Rect.gameObject.AddComponent<LayoutElement>();
+        downloadBtnLE.flexibleWidth = 1f;
+        downloadBtnLE.preferredHeight = 40f;
 
-        var downloadTextObj = new GameObject("DownloadText");
-        downloadTextObj.transform.SetParent(downloadBtnObj.transform, false);
-        downloadTextObj.layer = 5;
+        var cancelBtn = O5Factory.Button(
+            ctx: ctx,
+            parent: _buttonContainerObj.transform,
+            onClick: CancelProcess,
+            text: "Cancel",
+            id: "btn_ffmpeg_cancel",
+            height: 40f
+        );
+        var cancelBtnLE = cancelBtn.Rect.gameObject.AddComponent<LayoutElement>();
+        cancelBtnLE.flexibleWidth = 1f;
+        cancelBtnLE.preferredHeight = 40f;
 
-        var downloadText = downloadTextObj.AddComponent<TextMeshProUGUI>();
-        downloadText.text = Application.platform != RuntimePlatform.OSXPlayer ? "Download & Install" : "Open Website";
-        downloadText.fontSize = 20;
-        downloadText.font = font;
-        downloadText.color = Color.white;
-        downloadText.alignment = TextAlignmentOptions.Center;
-            
-        var downloadTextRect = downloadTextObj.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
-        downloadTextRect.anchorMin = Vector2.zero;
-        downloadTextRect.anchorMax = Vector2.one;
-        downloadTextRect.offsetMin = Vector2.zero;
-        downloadTextRect.offsetMax = Vector2.zero;
-            
-        // 8. Create cancel button
-        var cancelBtnObj = new GameObject("CancelButton");
-        cancelBtnObj.transform.SetParent(_buttonContainerObj.transform, false);
-        cancelBtnObj.layer = 5;
-            
-        var cancelImg = cancelBtnObj.AddComponent<Image>();
-        cancelImg.color = new Color(0.2f, 0.2f, 0.23f, 1f);
-        cancelImg.raycastTarget = true;
-            
-        var cancelBtn = cancelBtnObj.AddComponent<Button>();
-        SetupButtonStyle(cancelBtn, new Color(0.2f, 0.2f, 0.23f, 1f), new Color(0.25f, 0.25f, 0.28f, 1f), new Color(0.15f, 0.15f, 0.18f, 1f));
-        cancelBtn.onClick.AddListener(CancelProcess);
-            
-        var cancelBtnRect = cancelBtnObj.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
-        cancelBtnRect.anchorMin = new Vector2(0.5f, 0.5f);
-        cancelBtnRect.anchorMax = new Vector2(0.5f, 0.5f);
-        cancelBtnRect.pivot = new Vector2(0f, 0.5f);
-        cancelBtnRect.anchoredPosition = new Vector2(15, 0);
-        cancelBtnRect.sizeDelta = new Vector2(180, 45);
-            
-        var cancelTextObj = new GameObject("CancelText");
-        cancelTextObj.transform.SetParent(cancelBtnObj.transform, false);
-        cancelTextObj.layer = 5;
-            
-        var cancelText = cancelTextObj.AddComponent<TextMeshProUGUI>();
-        cancelText.text = "Cancel";
-        cancelText.fontSize = 20;
-        cancelText.font = font;
-        cancelText.color = new Color(0.9f, 0.9f, 0.9f, 1f);
-        cancelText.alignment = TextAlignmentOptions.Center;
-            
-        var cancelTextRect = cancelTextObj.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
-        cancelTextRect.anchorMin = Vector2.zero;
-        cancelTextRect.anchorMax = Vector2.one;
-        cancelTextRect.offsetMin = Vector2.zero;
-        cancelTextRect.offsetMax = Vector2.zero;
-            
-        // 9. Create progress bar container
+        // 5. Progress bar container
         _progressBarObj = new GameObject("ProgressBarContainer");
-        _progressBarObj.transform.SetParent(modalContainerObj.transform, false);
+        _progressBarObj.transform.SetParent(content, false);
         _progressBarObj.layer = 5;
         _progressBarObj.SetActive(false);
 
+        var pbLE = _progressBarObj.AddComponent<LayoutElement>();
+        pbLE.preferredHeight = 24f;
+        pbLE.flexibleWidth = 1f;
+
         var barBgImg = _progressBarObj.AddComponent<Image>();
-        barBgImg.color = new Color(0.08f, 0.08f, 0.1f, 1.0f);
+        barBgImg.sprite = ctx.Sprites.RoundedControl;
+        barBgImg.type = Image.Type.Sliced;
+        barBgImg.color = ctx.Theme.ObjectBG;
 
-        var barBgOutline = _progressBarObj.AddComponent<Outline>();
-        barBgOutline.effectColor = Color.white;
-        barBgOutline.effectDistance = new Vector2(3.0f, -3.0f);
+        var barOutlineObj = new GameObject("BarOutline");
+        barOutlineObj.transform.SetParent(_progressBarObj.transform, false);
+        barOutlineObj.layer = 5;
 
-        var barRect = _progressBarObj.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
-        barRect.anchorMin = new Vector2(0.5f, 0);
-        barRect.anchorMax = new Vector2(0.5f, 0);
-        barRect.pivot = new Vector2(0.5f, 0);
-        barRect.anchoredPosition = new Vector2(0, 75);
-        barRect.sizeDelta = new Vector2(480, 24);
+        var barOutlineImg = barOutlineObj.AddComponent<Image>();
+        barOutlineImg.sprite = ctx.Sprites.RoundedOutline;
+        barOutlineImg.type = Image.Type.Sliced;
+        barOutlineImg.color = ctx.Theme.ControlOutlineIdle;
+        barOutlineImg.raycastTarget = false;
 
-        // 10. Create progress bar fill image
+        var barOutlineRect = barOutlineObj.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
+        barOutlineRect.anchorMin = Vector2.zero;
+        barOutlineRect.anchorMax = Vector2.one;
+        barOutlineRect.offsetMin = Vector2.zero;
+        barOutlineRect.offsetMax = Vector2.zero;
+
+        // Progress bar fill image
         _progressBarFillObj = new GameObject("ProgressBarFill");
         _progressBarFillObj.transform.SetParent(_progressBarObj.transform, false);
         _progressBarFillObj.layer = 5;
 
         var fillImg = _progressBarFillObj.AddComponent<Image>();
-        fillImg.color = new Color(0.0f, 0.8f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
+        fillImg.sprite = ctx.Sprites.RoundedControl;
+        fillImg.type = Image.Type.Sliced;
+        fillImg.color = ctx.Theme.ObjectActiveBright;
 
         _fillRect = _progressBarFillObj.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
         _fillRect.anchorMin = new Vector2(0, 0);
@@ -317,20 +267,17 @@ internal class FFmpegDownloadUI : MonoBehaviour
         _fillRect.anchoredPosition = Vector2.zero;
         _fillRect.sizeDelta = Vector2.zero;
 
-        // 11. Create progress text
+        // Progress text
         var progressTextObj = new GameObject("ProgressBarText");
         progressTextObj.transform.SetParent(_progressBarObj.transform, false);
         progressTextObj.layer = 5;
 
         _progressText = progressTextObj.AddComponent<TextMeshProUGUI>();
-        _progressText.fontSize = 16;
-        _progressText.font = font;
+        _progressText.fontSize = 13;
+        _progressText.font = ctx.Fonts.Regular;
         _progressText.color = Color.white;
         _progressText.alignment = TextAlignmentOptions.Center;
-            
-        var progressTextOutline = progressTextObj.AddComponent<Outline>();
-        progressTextOutline.effectColor = new Color(0, 0, 0, 0.8f);
-        progressTextOutline.effectDistance = new Vector2(1, -1);
+        _progressText.raycastTarget = false;
 
         var progressTextRect = progressTextObj.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
         progressTextRect.anchorMin = Vector2.zero;
@@ -338,35 +285,28 @@ internal class FFmpegDownloadUI : MonoBehaviour
         progressTextRect.offsetMin = Vector2.zero;
         progressTextRect.offsetMax = Vector2.zero;
 
-        // 12. Create status text
+        // 6. Status text
         _statusTextObj = new GameObject("StatusText");
-        _statusTextObj.transform.SetParent(modalContainerObj.transform, false);
+        _statusTextObj.transform.SetParent(content, false);
         _statusTextObj.layer = 5;
         _statusTextObj.SetActive(false);
 
+        var statusLE = _statusTextObj.AddComponent<LayoutElement>();
+        statusLE.preferredHeight = 22f;
+        statusLE.flexibleWidth = 1f;
+
         _statusText = _statusTextObj.AddComponent<TextMeshProUGUI>();
-        _statusText.fontSize = 16;
-        _statusText.font = font;
+        _statusText.fontSize = 14;
+        _statusText.font = ctx.Fonts.Regular;
         _statusText.color = new Color(0.8f, 0.8f, 0.8f, 1f);
         _statusText.alignment = TextAlignmentOptions.Center;
+        _statusText.raycastTarget = false;
 
         var statusRect = _statusTextObj.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
-        statusRect.anchorMin = new Vector2(0, 0);
-        statusRect.anchorMax = new Vector2(1, 0);
-        statusRect.pivot = new Vector2(0.5f, 0);
-        statusRect.anchoredPosition = new Vector2(0, 35);
-        statusRect.sizeDelta = new Vector2(0, 30);
-    }
-
-    private void SetupButtonStyle(Button button, Color normalColor, Color hoverColor, Color pressedColor)
-    {
-        button.transition = Selectable.Transition.ColorTint;
-        var colors = button.colors;
-        colors.normalColor = normalColor;
-        colors.highlightedColor = hoverColor;
-        colors.pressedColor = pressedColor;
-        colors.disabledColor = new Color(0.3f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1f);
-        button.colors = colors;
+        statusRect.anchorMin = Vector2.zero;
+        statusRect.anchorMax = Vector2.one;
+        statusRect.offsetMin = Vector2.zero;
+        statusRect.offsetMax = Vector2.zero;
     }
 
     private void Update()
@@ -643,6 +583,8 @@ internal class FFmpegDownloadUI : MonoBehaviour
 
     private void OnDestroy()
     {
+        _window?.Dispose();
+        _window = null;
         _cts?.Dispose();
         if (Instance == this)
         {

UI/LocalizedText.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+using System;
+using ADOFAIRenderer.Localization;
+using TMPro;
+using UnityEngine;
+
+namespace ADOFAIRenderer.UI;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Component that binds a TextMeshProUGUI component to a localization key or dynamic string provider,
+/// automatically updating the displayed text whenever the active language changes.
+/// </summary>
+internal class LocalizedText : MonoBehaviour
+{
+    private TextMeshProUGUI? _textComponent;
+    private string? _key;
+    private Func<string>? _dynamicProvider;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the localization key. Setting this will clear any dynamic provider.
+    /// </summary>
+    public string? Key
+    {
+        get => _key;
+        set
+        {
+            _key = value;
+            _dynamicProvider = null;
+            Refresh();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Sets a dynamic string provider function.
+    /// </summary>
+    public void SetDynamic(Func<string> provider)
+    {
+        _dynamicProvider = provider;
+        _key = null;
+        Refresh();
+    }
+
+    private void Awake()
+    {
+        EnsureComponent();
+        LocalizationManager.OnLanguageChanged += HandleLanguageChanged;
+    }
+
+    private void OnEnable()
+    {
+        Refresh();
+    }
+
+    private void OnDestroy()
+    {
+        LocalizationManager.OnLanguageChanged -= HandleLanguageChanged;
+    }
+
+    private void HandleLanguageChanged(SystemLanguage language)
+    {
+        Refresh();
+    }
+
+    private void EnsureComponent()
+    {
+        if (_textComponent == null)
+        {
+            _textComponent = GetComponent<TextMeshProUGUI>();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Refreshes the text using either the dynamic provider or the static localization key.
+    /// </summary>
+    public void Refresh()
+    {
+        EnsureComponent();
+        if (_textComponent == null) return;
+
+        if (_dynamicProvider != null)
+        {
+            _textComponent.text = _dynamicProvider();
+        }
+        else if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(_key))
+        {
+            _textComponent.text = LocalizationManager.Get(_key);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Binds a TextMeshProUGUI component to a localization key.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static LocalizedText Bind(TextMeshProUGUI target, string key)
+    {
+        if (target == null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(target));
+        var component = target.GetComponent<LocalizedText>() ?? target.gameObject.AddComponent<LocalizedText>();
+        component._textComponent = target;
+        component.Key = key;
+        return component;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Binds a TextMeshProUGUI component to a dynamic string provider function.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static LocalizedText Bind(TextMeshProUGUI target, Func<string> provider)
+    {
+        if (target == null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(target));
+        var component = target.GetComponent<LocalizedText>() ?? target.gameObject.AddComponent<LocalizedText>();
+        component._textComponent = target;
+        component.SetDynamic(provider);
+        return component;
+    }
+}

Util/Audio/AudioSpectrumGenerator.cs

@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ internal static class AudioSpectrumGenerator
             return;
         }
 
-        var currentFrame = (RenderManager.Instance != null) ? RenderManager.Instance.frameCount : -1;
+        var currentFrame = RenderManager.Instance ? RenderManager.Instance.frameCount : -1;
 
         lock (CachedSpectrums)
         {

Util/Audio/AudioSyncCalculator.cs

@@ -15,11 +15,6 @@ internal class AudioSyncCalculator
     {
         _sampleRate = sampleRate;
         _fpsRational = RationalUtil.Double2MaxPrecisionInt(fps);
-
-        // NTSC
-        if (Math.Abs(fps - 29.97) < 0.001) _fpsRational = (30000, 1001);
-        if (Math.Abs(fps - 59.94) < 0.001) _fpsRational = (60000, 1001);
-        if (Math.Abs(fps - 23.976) < 0.001 || Math.Abs(fps - 23.98) < 0.001) _fpsRational = (24000, 1001);
     }
 
     public void Reset()

Util/FFmpeg/FFmpegNativeEncoder.cs

@@ -18,12 +18,13 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
     ///   2. Start(outputPath):
     ///      a) Create AVFormatContext for output container (mp4, etc.)
     ///      b) Add video stream (AVStream)
-    ///      c) Try hardware encoders (NVENC → AMF → QSV) → software encoders (libx264, etc.)
-    ///         in order to select an available encoder
+    ///      c) Try the candidate encoders of the codec in order and select the first one that opens
+    ///         (encoders of the active GPU vendor → other hardware encoders → software encoders; see GetEncoderCandidates)
     ///      d) Write file header and initialize frame/scaler buffers
     ///
     ///   3. WriteFrame*(): Called for every frame
-    ///      a) Convert Unity RGBA original frame to NV12/YUV420P using sws_scale
+    ///      a) Pre-converted NV12/YUV420P frame (GPU compute shader output): copied into the encoder frame
+    ///         RGBA frame: converted to the encoder pixel format with sws_scale (CPU)
     ///      b) (In QSV hw_frames mode) Upload to GPU surface
     ///      c) avcodec_send_frame → avcodec_receive_packet → Write to file
     ///
@@ -63,7 +64,7 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
             public AVCodecID AudioCodecId;
 
             /// <summary>
-            /// Audio bitrate (in bps). If default (0), 128000 bps is used.
+            /// Audio bitrate (in bps). If default (0), 256000 bps is used.
             /// For AAC, 128000–320000 bps is common.
             /// </summary>
             public int Bitrate;
@@ -83,20 +84,20 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
             /// <summary>Frames per second (e.g., 60.0, 29.97, etc.).</summary>
             public double FPS;
 
-            /// <summary>Video codec type to use (H264, H265, AV1, VP9).</summary>
+            /// <summary>Video codec type to use (H264, H265, AV1, VP9, VVC).</summary>
             public Codec Codec;
 
             /// <summary>Bitrate control mode (CQP, CBR, VBR).</summary>
             public RateControlMode Mode;
 
             /// <summary>Quality value used in CQP mode. Lower values mean higher quality. (e.g., H.264 CRF 18 ≈ visually lossless)</summary>
-            public int QualityValue; // CRF
+            public int QualityValue;
 
             /// <summary>Target bitrate in VBR/CBR mode (in kbps). Converted to bps internally for FFmpeg.</summary>
-            public int TargetBitrate; // VBR
+            public int TargetBitrate;
 
             /// <summary>Maximum bitrate in VBR mode (in kbps). Determines peak quality limit.</summary>
-            public int MaxBitrate; // VBR
+            public int MaxBitrate;
 
             /// <summary>GOP (Group of Pictures) size (in seconds). Represents keyframe interval.</summary>
             public double GopSize;
@@ -165,7 +166,10 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
         /// <summary>Accumulated index of encoded frames. Used as the PTS (Presentation Time Stamp) value.</summary>
         private long _frameIndex;
 
-        /// <summary>Whether Start() completed successfully and encoding is ready.</summary>
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Whether the encoder accepts frames: set to true when Start() completes,
+        /// and to false when End() runs (End() is not repeated) or Dispose() releases the resources.
+        /// </summary>
         private bool _isInitialized;
 
         /// <summary>Whether Dispose() has already been called. Prevents duplicate cleanup.</summary>
@@ -182,9 +186,10 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
         private bool _isQsvEncoder;
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Target pixel format for the encoder.
-        /// - General encoders (NVENC, AMF, Software): YUV420P (most common 4:2:0 chroma subsampling)
-        /// - QSV encoder: NV12 (Y plane + UV interleaved plane, preferred format for Intel hardware)
+        /// Pixel format of the frames passed to the encoder (output of the color conversion).
+        /// - Hardware encoders (NVENC, AMF, QSV): NV12 (Y plane + UV interleaved plane)
+        /// - libvvenc: YUV420P10LE (10-bit, 3 planes)
+        /// - Other software encoders: YUV420P (3 planes Y/U/V, 4:2:0 chroma subsampling)
         ///
         /// Reference - Major pixel format relationships:
         ///   RGBA (Unity source, 4-channel 8-bit)
@@ -250,6 +255,9 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
         /// <summary>Whether audio encoding is enabled.</summary>
         private bool _audioEnabled;
 
+        /// <summary>Bytes of one input sample of every channel (interleaved input format × channel count).</summary>
+        private int _audioInputBytesPerSample;
+
         /// <summary>Encoding settings passed at construction time (immutable).</summary>
         private readonly EncoderSettings _settings;
 
@@ -262,30 +270,14 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
         // Utility Methods
         // ================================================================
 
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Converts the application's Codec enum value to the AVCodecID used internally by FFmpeg.
-        /// AVCodecID identifies "which codec it is (e.g., H.264, AV1)",
-        /// while the actual encoder implementation (e.g., libx264, h264_nvenc) is selected separately.
-        /// </summary>
-        // ReSharper disable once InconsistentNaming
-        // ReSharper disable once UnusedMember.Local
-        private AVCodecID GetAVCodecID()
-        {
-            return _settings.Codec switch
-            {
-                Codec.H264 => AVCodecID.AV_CODEC_ID_H264,
-                Codec.H265 => AVCodecID.AV_CODEC_ID_HEVC,
-                Codec.AV1 => AVCodecID.AV_CODEC_ID_AV1,
-                Codec.VP9 => AVCodecID.AV_CODEC_ID_VP9,
-                Codec.VVC => AVCodecID.AV_CODEC_ID_VVC,
-                _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException()
-            };
-        }
-
         /// <summary>
         /// Returns a list of candidate encoders to try for the selected codec in priority order.
         ///
-        /// Priority: Hardware encoders (NVENC → AMF → QSV) → Software encoders (libx264, etc.)
+        /// Order (GPUUtil.GetPrioritizedEncoders):
+        ///   1. Hardware encoders of the active GPU vendor
+        ///   2. The remaining encoders in the declaration order of VideoEncoder.All
+        ///      (per codec: NVENC → QSV → AMF → VideoToolbox → software, for the encoders the codec has)
+        /// With ForceSoftware, only the software encoders are returned.
         ///
         /// - nvenc: Hardware encoder dedicated to NVIDIA GPUs (CUDA-based)
         /// - amf:   Hardware encoder dedicated to AMD GPUs (Advanced Media Framework)
@@ -299,6 +291,23 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
             return GPUUtil.GetPrioritizedEncoders(_settings.Codec, _settings.ForceSoftware).ToArray();
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Expands the candidate list into (encoder, input mode) attempts in order.
+        /// A QSV encoder is attempted twice: system memory input mode (useFramePool = false) first,
+        /// then GPU frame pool input mode (useFramePool = true). Other encoders are attempted once (useFramePool = false).
+        /// </summary>
+        private static System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerable<(VideoEncoder Encoder, bool UseFramePool)> ExpandQsvInputModes(VideoEncoder[] candidates)
+        {
+            foreach (var encoder in candidates)
+            {
+                yield return (encoder, false);
+                if (encoder.Kind == EncoderKind.QSV)
+                {
+                    yield return (encoder, true);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Converts an FFmpeg error code (negative integer) to a human-readable string.
         /// e.g., -1 → "Operation not permitted"
@@ -367,7 +376,7 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
                     var candidates = GetEncoderCandidates();
                     var openedSuccessfully = false;
 
-                    foreach (var encoder in candidates)
+                    foreach (var (encoder, useFramePool) in ExpandQsvInputModes(candidates))
                     {
                         // avcodec_find_encoder_by_name: Searches for an encoder by name (e.g., "h264_nvenc").
                         // Returns null if the encoder is not included in the build.
@@ -399,11 +408,13 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
                         // ── Pixel format configuration ──
                         // Video encoders generally expect input in YUV420P or NV12 format.
                         //
-                        // • YUV420P: 3 independent planes Y/U/V. Used by most software encoders.
-                        // • NV12:    Y plane + UV interleaved plane. Preferred by hardware encoders (NVENC, AMF, QSV).
-                        // • QSV Special Note: pix_fmt of codec context is AV_PIX_FMT_QSV (hardware surface identifier),
-                        //   while actual sws_scale output is set to NV12 (software format).
-                        //   FFmpeg internally handles mapping between NV12 ↔ QSV surfaces.
+                        // • YUV420P: 3 independent planes Y/U/V. Used by the software encoders (libvvenc: YUV420P10LE).
+                        // • NV12:    Y plane + UV interleaved plane. Used by the hardware encoders (NVENC, AMF, QSV).
+                        // • QSV: the converted frames are NV12 (selectedPixFmt). The codec context pix_fmt set here is
+                        //   AV_PIX_FMT_QSV and is replaced in the QSV device setup below according to the input mode:
+                        //     system memory input mode: pix_fmt = NV12, the encoder receives the NV12 frames directly.
+                        //     GPU frame pool input mode: pix_fmt stays AV_PIX_FMT_QSV, and SubmitDstFrame() uploads
+                        //     each NV12 frame to a QSV surface with av_hwframe_transfer_data.
                         //
                         // Reference: https://ffmpeg.org/doxygen/trunk/pixfmt_8h.html
                         var selectedPixFmt = AVPixelFormat.AV_PIX_FMT_YUV420P;
@@ -437,16 +448,11 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
                         // framerate: Framerate value giving hints to the encoder (reciprocal of time_base).
                         //
                         // RationalUtil: Converts FPS (double) into fractional form (numerator/denominator).
-                        //   e.g., 29.97 → 30000/1001 (NTSC standard)
+                        //   e.g., 60.00 -> 60/1
                         //
                         // Reference: https://ffmpeg.org/doxygen/trunk/structAVCodecContext.html
                         var fpsRational = RationalUtil.Double2MaxPrecisionInt(_settings.FPS);
                         
-                        // NTSC
-                        if (Math.Abs(_settings.FPS - 29.97) < 0.001) fpsRational = (30000, 1001);
-                        if (Math.Abs(_settings.FPS - 59.94) < 0.001) fpsRational = (60000, 1001);
-                        if (Math.Abs(_settings.FPS - 23.976) < 0.001 || Math.Abs(_settings.FPS - 23.98) < 0.001) fpsRational = (24000, 1001);
-                        
                         _pCodecContext->time_base = new AVRational
                             { num = fpsRational.Denominator, den = fpsRational.Numerator };
                         _pCodecContext->framerate = new AVRational
@@ -467,17 +473,21 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
                             _pCodecContext->gop_size = calculatedGop;
                         }
 
-                        // ── Disable B-frames ──
-                        // B-frames (Bidirectional predictive frames): Increase compression ratio by referencing before/after frames,
-                        // but increase encoding latency and may cause compatibility issues on some encoders.
-                        // In real-time recording scenarios, disable them to minimize latency.
+                        // ── B-frame configuration ──
+                        // B-frames (bidirectional predictive frames) reference both earlier and later frames.
+                        // They raise the compression ratio and make the encoder output packets out of presentation order
+                        // (dts < pts for reordered frames).
                         //
-                        // Reference: has_b_frames is a read-only field internally set by the encoder,
-                        //            so do not set it directly.
+                        // Configuration per encoder:
+                        //   SVT-AV1:  svtav1-params "pred-struct=1" (low delay prediction structure).
+                        //             Setting max_b_frames on AVCodecContext makes SVT-AV1 report a "bad parameter" error.
+                        //   libvvenc: max_b_frames = -1 (encoder default GOP structure).
+                        //   Others:   max_b_frames = 0 (no B-frames, frames are encoded in presentation order).
                         //
-                        // SVT-AV1 Special Note: Setting max_b_frames directly on AVCodecContext
-                        // causes a "bad parameter" error, so control via svtav1-params.
-                        // pred-struct=1: Low Delay (IPPP) structure disabling B-frames.
+                        // has_b_frames is set by the encoder itself and is not written here.
+                        //
+                        // Reference: https://gitlab.com/AOMediaCodec/SVT-AV1/-/blob/master/Docs/Parameters.md
+                        //            (PredStructure: 0 = all intra, 1 = low delay, 2 = random access, default 2)
                         if (encoder == VideoEncoder.LibSvtAv1)
                         {
                             ffmpeg.av_opt_set(_pCodecContext->priv_data, "svtav1-params", "pred-struct=1", 0);
@@ -519,9 +529,10 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
                         //   Strategy 3) Create QSV device directly (legacy method)
                         //               → Fallback on older drivers/systems
                         //
-                        // After obtaining device, attempt using GPU frame pool:
-                        //   hw_frames_ctx: Pre-allocate frame pool in GPU VRAM (zero-copy, highest performance)
-                        //   hw_device_ctx: Encoder reads frames directly from system memory (better compatibility)
+                        // After obtaining device, the input mode is configured (see ExpandQsvInputModes):
+                        //   Input mode 1, hw_device_ctx: Encoder receives NV12 frames from system memory (attempted first)
+                        //   Input mode 2, hw_frames_ctx: Frames are uploaded to a QSV surface pool in GPU memory
+                        //                                (attempted when the encoder cannot be opened in input mode 1)
                         //
                         // Reference: https://ffmpeg.org/doxygen/trunk/group__lavu__hwcontext.html
                         if (encoder.Kind == EncoderKind.QSV)
@@ -590,30 +601,64 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
                                 continue;
                             }
 
-                            // ── Attempt hw_frames_ctx: Pre-create GPU frame pool ──
-                            // AVHWFramesContext pre-allocates frame pool in GPU VRAM,
-                            // eliminating memory allocation/deallocation overhead for each frame.
+                            if (!useFramePool)
+                            {
+                                // ── Input mode 1 (primary): hw_device_ctx + NV12 system memory ──
+                                // The encoder receives NV12 frames in system memory (RAM) and the QSV runtime uploads them to the GPU.
                                 //
-                            // Pros: Zero-copy capability, highest performance
-                            // Cons: May fail depending on GPU/driver resolution/format constraints
-                            //       (e.g. specific texture size constraints on Intel Arc → E_INVALIDARG)
+                                // pix_fmt is the software format NV12.
+                                // _isQsvEncoder = false: WriteFrame() passes the NV12 frame to the encoder without uploading it.
+                                _pCodecContext->pix_fmt = AVPixelFormat.AV_PIX_FMT_NV12;
+                                _pCodecContext->hw_device_ctx = ffmpeg.av_buffer_ref(hwDeviceCtx);
+                                _isQsvEncoder = false;
+                                Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Msg($"{encoder.Name}: Using system memory input mode (hw_device_ctx)");
+                            }
+                            else
+                            {
+                                // ── Input mode 2 (fallback): hw_frames_ctx GPU frame pool ──
+                                // Used when the encoder cannot be opened in input mode 1.
+                                // AVHWFramesContext pre-allocates a pool of QSV surfaces in GPU memory (pix_fmt AV_PIX_FMT_QSV),
+                                // and WriteFrame() uploads each NV12 frame to a surface of the pool (av_hwframe_transfer_data).
                                 //
-                            // initial_pool_size: Number of frames to pre-allocate. Matches encoder pipeline depth.
-                            // Align resolution to multiples of 32: Texture alignment condition required by QSV hardware.
+                                // Pool creation depends on the texture types the GPU/driver accepts
+                                // (e.g. Intel Arc A770 rejects NV12 textures with D3D11_BIND_RENDER_TARGET → E_INVALIDARG 0x80070057).
+                                //
+                                // initial_pool_size: Number of surfaces in the pool (QsvFramePoolSize).
+                                //   The encoder keeps submitted surfaces until they are encoded, so the pool has to hold
+                                //   the frames in the encoder pipeline plus the frame being uploaded.
+                                // Width/height are aligned to multiples of 32: texture alignment condition required by QSV hardware.
+                                //
+                                // Frame pool memory type (AVQSVFramesContext.frame_type, a combination of MFX_MEMTYPE_* flags):
+                                //   Windows (D3D11): MFX_MEMTYPE_VIDEO_MEMORY_DECODER_TARGET (0x0010) is tried first, then 0.
+                                //     0x0010 creates the D3D11 textures with D3D11_BIND_DECODER.
+                                //     0 lets FFmpeg select MFX_MEMTYPE_VIDEO_MEMORY_PROCESSOR_TARGET (0x0020),
+                                //     which creates the textures with D3D11_BIND_RENDER_TARGET.
+                                //   Other platforms (VAAPI): 0. FFmpeg sets the memory type of a VAAPI child pool itself.
+                                // Both types are accepted by the QSV encoder as video memory input.
+                                // When every type fails, the next candidate encoder is tested.
                                 //
                                 // Reference:
                                 //   AVHWFramesContext: https://ffmpeg.org/doxygen/trunk/structAVHWFramesContext.html
                                 //   av_hwframe_ctx_alloc: https://ffmpeg.org/doxygen/trunk/group__lavu__hwcontext.html
+                                //   AVQSVFramesContext.frame_type: https://github.com/FFmpeg/FFmpeg/blob/release/8.0/libavutil/hwcontext_qsv.h
+                                //   frame_type → D3D11 bind flags (qsv_init_child_ctx, qsv_get_d3d11va_bind_flags): https://github.com/FFmpeg/FFmpeg/blob/release/8.0/libavutil/hwcontext_qsv.c
+                                //   MFX_MEMTYPE_* values: https://github.com/intel/libvpl/blob/main/api/vpl/mfxstructures.h
                                 bool framesCtxReady = false;
-                            AVBufferRef* hwFramesRef = ffmpeg.av_hwframe_ctx_alloc(hwDeviceCtx);
-                            if (hwFramesRef != null)
+                                int[] frameTypes = isWindows
+                                    ? new[] { QsvMemTypeVideoMemoryDecoderTarget, 0 }
+                                    : new[] { 0 };
+                                foreach (var frameType in frameTypes)
                                 {
+                                    AVBufferRef* hwFramesRef = ffmpeg.av_hwframe_ctx_alloc(hwDeviceCtx);
+                                    if (hwFramesRef == null) break;
+
                                     var framesCtx = (AVHWFramesContext*)hwFramesRef->data;
                                     framesCtx->format = AVPixelFormat.AV_PIX_FMT_QSV;       // Hardware surface format
                                     framesCtx->sw_format = AVPixelFormat.AV_PIX_FMT_NV12;    // Software-side format
                                     framesCtx->width = (_settings.Width + 31) & ~31;          // 32-multiple alignment (bitmask)
                                     framesCtx->height = (_settings.Height + 31) & ~31;        // 32-multiple alignment (bitmask)
-                                framesCtx->initial_pool_size = 4;                         // Frame pool size
+                                    framesCtx->initial_pool_size = QsvFramePoolSize;
+                                    SetQsvFrameType(framesCtx, frameType);
 
                                     err = ffmpeg.av_hwframe_ctx_init(hwFramesRef);
                                     if (err >= 0)
@@ -623,35 +668,41 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
                                         _pCodecContext->hw_frames_ctx = ffmpeg.av_buffer_ref(hwFramesRef);
                                         _isQsvEncoder = true;
                                         framesCtxReady = true;
-                                    Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Msg($"{encoder.Name}: hw_frames_ctx initialization succeeded (GPU frame pool mode)");
+                                        Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Msg($"{encoder.Name}: Using GPU frame pool input mode (hw_frames_ctx, frame_type=0x{frameType:X4}, pool={QsvFramePoolSize})");
+                                        ffmpeg.av_buffer_unref(&hwFramesRef);
 
                                         _pHwFrame = ffmpeg.av_frame_alloc();
                                         if (_pHwFrame == null)
+                                        {
+                                            // The codec context (and the frames context it holds) is released by Dispose in the catch block of Start.
+                                            ffmpeg.av_buffer_unref(&hwDeviceCtx);
                                             throw new Exception("Failed to allocate QSV hardware frame structure.");
                                         }
-                                else
-                                {
-                                    Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Warning($"{encoder.Name}: hw_frames_ctx failed — {GetFFmpegErrorString(err)} (Code: {err}). Falling back to hw_device_ctx mode.");
+                                        break;
                                     }
+
+                                    Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Warning($"{encoder.Name}: hw_frames_ctx failed with frame_type=0x{frameType:X4} — {GetFFmpegErrorString(err)} (Code: {err})");
                                     ffmpeg.av_buffer_unref(&hwFramesRef);
                                 }
 
-                            // ── When hw_frames_ctx fails: Fallback to hw_device_ctx + NV12 system memory ──
-                            // In hw_device_ctx mode, the encoder receives NV12 frames from system memory (RAM)
-                            // directly and uploads to GPU internally.
-                            // Slightly slower than hw_frames_ctx, but compatibility is much better.
-                            //
-                            // Change pix_fmt to NV12: Use software format directly instead of hardware surface (QSV).
-                            // _isQsvEncoder = false: Skip manual upload in WriteFrame().
                                 if (!framesCtxReady)
                                 {
-                                _pCodecContext->pix_fmt = AVPixelFormat.AV_PIX_FMT_NV12;
-                                _pCodecContext->hw_device_ctx = ffmpeg.av_buffer_ref(hwDeviceCtx);
-                                _isQsvEncoder = false; // System memory mode, no manual frame upload required
+                                    Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Warning($"{encoder.Name}: GPU frame pool input mode is unavailable. Testing next candidate codec.");
+                                    ffmpeg.av_buffer_unref(&hwDeviceCtx);
+                                    {
+                                        var pCtx = _pCodecContext;
+                                        ffmpeg.avcodec_free_context(&pCtx);
+                                    }
+                                    _pCodecContext = null;
+                                    continue;
+                                }
                             }
 
-                            // Transfer ownership of hwDeviceCtx to codec context,
-                            // so release local reference (reference count management).
+                            // Release the local reference of hwDeviceCtx.
+                            // The device stays alive through the references taken above:
+                            //   system memory input mode: codec context hw_device_ctx (av_buffer_ref)
+                            //   GPU frame pool input mode: the frames context (av_hwframe_ctx_alloc keeps a device reference),
+                            //                              held by codec context hw_frames_ctx
                             // Reference: https://ffmpeg.org/doxygen/trunk/group__lavu__buffer.html
                             ffmpeg.av_buffer_unref(&hwDeviceCtx);
                         }
@@ -709,11 +760,19 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
                             break;
                         }
 
-                        // If open fails, free codec context and try next encoder.
-                        Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Warning($"Failed to initialize hardware encoder {encoder.Name}: {GetFFmpegErrorString(openResult)} (Code: {openResult}). Testing next candidate codec.");
+                        // If open fails, free codec context and QSV frame state, then try next candidate.
+                        var inputMode = encoder.Kind == EncoderKind.QSV ? (useFramePool ? " (GPU frame pool input mode)" : " (system memory input mode)") : "";
+                        Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Warning($"Failed to initialize encoder {encoder.Name}{inputMode}: {GetFFmpegErrorString(openResult)} (Code: {openResult}). Testing next candidate.");
                         var pCodecCtx = _pCodecContext;
                         ffmpeg.avcodec_free_context(&pCodecCtx);
                         _pCodecContext = null;
+                        _isQsvEncoder = false;
+                        if (_pHwFrame != null)
+                        {
+                            var pHwFrame = _pHwFrame;
+                            ffmpeg.av_frame_free(&pHwFrame);
+                            _pHwFrame = null;
+                        }
                     }
 
                     if (!openedSuccessfully || _pCodecContext == null)
@@ -725,8 +784,19 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
                     // Copy parameters set in codec context (resolution, codec ID, profile, etc.)
                     // to stream's codecpar. Information to be written to container header.
                     // Reference: https://ffmpeg.org/doxygen/trunk/group__lavc__core.html
-                    if (ffmpeg.avcodec_parameters_from_context(_pVideoStream->codecpar, _pCodecContext) < 0)
-                        throw new Exception("Failed to copy codec parameters to stream.");
+                    var paramResult = ffmpeg.avcodec_parameters_from_context(_pVideoStream->codecpar, _pCodecContext);
+                    if (paramResult < 0)
+                        throw new Exception($"Failed to copy codec parameters to stream — {GetFFmpegErrorString(paramResult)} (Code: {paramResult})");
+
+                    // Stream time base: unit of the timestamps stored in the container.
+                    // Set to the codec time base (1 / framerate) so that every frame interval is a whole number of ticks.
+                    // When it is left unset, the muxer uses 1/90000, in which the interval of rates such as
+                    // 59.94 fps (1501.5 ticks), 23.976 fps (3753.75 ticks) or 165 fps (545.45 ticks) is not an integer,
+                    // and the frame durations alternate between two values.
+                    // The muxer may still adjust the value in avformat_write_header (e.g. mp4 scales it to at least 10000);
+                    // packet timestamps are rescaled to the final value in SendFrameAndWritePackets.
+                    // Reference: https://github.com/FFmpeg/FFmpeg/blob/master/libavformat/mux.c (init_muxer: default 1/90000)
+                    _pVideoStream->time_base = _pCodecContext->time_base;
 
                     // ── Step 4.5 (Optional): Initialize audio stream ──
                     // If EncoderSettings.Audio is set, add audio stream.
@@ -741,15 +811,17 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
                     // Reference: https://ffmpeg.org/doxygen/trunk/group__lavf__io.html
                     if ((_pFormatContext->oformat->flags & ffmpeg.AVFMT_NOFILE) == 0)
                     {
-                        if (ffmpeg.avio_open(&_pFormatContext->pb, outputPath, ffmpeg.AVIO_FLAG_WRITE) < 0)
-                            throw new Exception($"Cannot open output file {outputPath}.");
+                        var avioResult = ffmpeg.avio_open(&_pFormatContext->pb, outputPath, ffmpeg.AVIO_FLAG_WRITE);
+                        if (avioResult < 0)
+                            throw new Exception($"Cannot open output file {outputPath} — {GetFFmpegErrorString(avioResult)} (Code: {avioResult})");
                     }
 
                     // Write file header (ftyp, moov, container metadata).
                     // Packets can be written with av_interleaved_write_frame after this point.
                     // Reference: https://ffmpeg.org/doxygen/trunk/group__lavf__encoding.html
-                    if (ffmpeg.avformat_write_header(_pFormatContext, null) < 0)
-                        throw new Exception("Failed to write file header.");
+                    var headerResult = ffmpeg.avformat_write_header(_pFormatContext, null);
+                    if (headerResult < 0)
+                        throw new Exception($"Failed to write file header — {GetFFmpegErrorString(headerResult)} (Code: {headerResult})");
 
                     // ── Step 6: Initialize frame buffers and colorspace converter ──
                     // av_frame_alloc: Allocates AVFrame structure on heap (no pixel data yet).
@@ -760,16 +832,7 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
                     if (_pSrcFrame == null || _pDstFrame == null || _pPacket == null)
                         throw new Exception("Failed to allocate frame or packet structure.");
 
-                    // Set format and size of destination frame, then allocate actual pixel buffer.
-                    // av_frame_get_buffer: Allocates memory matching format, width, height and
-                    // sets data[]/linesize[] pointers. Second argument 0 means default alignment.
-                    _pDstFrame->format = (int)_dstPixFmt;
-                    _pDstFrame->width = _settings.Width;
-                    _pDstFrame->height = _settings.Height;
-                    _pDstFrame->color_range = AVColorRange.AVCOL_RANGE_JPEG;
-
-                    if (ffmpeg.av_frame_get_buffer(_pDstFrame, 0) < 0)
-                        throw new Exception($"Failed to allocate {_dstPixFmt} frame buffer.");
+                    AllocateDstFrameBuffer();
 
                     // sws_getContext: Initialize software scaler (colorspace converter).
                     // Input: RGBA (Unity capture format, 4 bytes/pixel)
@@ -778,8 +841,10 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
                     // Colorspace is converted without resolution change here, but sws_scale
                     // can also perform resizing simultaneously.
                     //
-                    // SWS_POINT: Nearest neighbor interpolation. Since only colorspace is converted without resolution change,
-                    // interpolation algorithm does not affect output quality, and SWS_POINT is fastest.
+                    // SWS_POINT: Nearest neighbor sampling. The luma plane keeps the source resolution (1:1).
+                    // The chroma planes are subsampled to half width and height (4:2:0) with the same filter,
+                    // so each chroma sample takes one source pixel instead of averaging the 2x2 block.
+                    // This scaler is used only by the CPU conversion path (WriteFrame with RGBA input).
                     //
                     // Reference: https://ffmpeg.org/doxygen/trunk/group__libsws.html
                     _pSwsContext = ffmpeg.sws_getContext(
@@ -830,7 +895,7 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
         /// Reference - CQP options per encoder:
         ///   NVENC:     "qp" (single value applied to I/P/B frames)
         ///   AMF:       "qp_i" + "qp_p" (I-frame and P-frame configured separately)
-        ///   QSV:       "global_quality" (Intel unique option)
+        ///   QSV:       AVCodecContext.global_quality (Intel ICQ mode)
         ///   Software:  "crf" (Constant Rate Factor, smarter quality control)
         ///
         /// Reference: https://ffmpeg.org/doxygen/trunk/structAVCodecContext.html
@@ -852,11 +917,21 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
                         _pCodecContext->rc_max_rate = _pCodecContext->rc_min_rate = _settings.TargetBitrate * 1000L;
                         _pCodecContext->rc_buffer_size = _settings.TargetBitrate * 1000;
 
-                        // nal-hrd=cbr: x264/x265 dedicated option. Generates CBR bitstream matching
-                        // NAL HRD (Hypothetical Reference Decoder) specification. May be required for streaming compatibility.
-                        if (encoder == VideoEncoder.Libx264 || encoder == VideoEncoder.Libx265)
+                        // HRD (Hypothetical Reference Decoder) signaling for CBR output, used for streaming compatibility.
+                        //   libx264: "nal-hrd=cbr" writes the NAL HRD information and pads filler data to keep the bitrate constant.
+                        //            FFmpeg's option description: "Signal HRD information (requires vbv-bufsize; cbr not allowed in .mp4)".
+                        //            Reference: https://github.com/FFmpeg/FFmpeg/blob/master/libavcodec/libx264.c ("nal-hrd": none/vbr/cbr)
+                        //   libx265: "x265-params" = "hrd=1" (--hrd: "Enable the signaling of HRD parameters to the decoder")
+                        //            + "strict-cbr=1" (--strict-cbr: "Enables stricter conditions to control bitrate deviance
+                        //            from the target bitrate in ABR mode").
+                        //            Reference: https://x265.readthedocs.io/en/master/cli.html
+                        if (encoder == VideoEncoder.Libx264)
                         {
-                            ffmpeg.av_opt_set(_pCodecContext->priv_data, "nal-hrd", "cbr", 0);
+                            TrySetOption("nal-hrd", "cbr");
+                        }
+                        else if (encoder == VideoEncoder.Libx265)
+                        {
+                            TrySetOption("x265-params", "hrd=1:strict-cbr=1");
                         }
                     }
                     break;
@@ -880,38 +955,77 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
                     break;
 
                 case RateControlMode.CQP:
+                    // Valid quality range per encoder. The range of the private options is read from the
+                    // encoder's option definition (AVOption min/max); a declared minimum of -1 means "auto".
+                    //   NVENC:    "qp"    H.264/HEVC 0~51, AV1 0~255
+                    //             (libavcodec/nvenc_h264.c, nvenc_hevc.c: "qp" -1~51 / libavcodec/nvenc_av1.c: "qp" -1~255)
+                    //   AMF:      "qp_i"  H.264/HEVC 0~51, AV1 0~255
+                    //             (libavcodec/amfenc_h264.c, amfenc_hevc.c: "qp_i" -1~51 / libavcodec/amfenc_av1.c: "qp_i" -1~255)
+                    //   QSV:      AVCodecContext.global_quality 1~51
+                    //   VVC:      "qp"    0~63 (libavcodec/libvvenc.c: "qp" -1~63)
+                    //   Software: "crf"   x264/x265 0~51 (https://x265.readthedocs.io/en/master/cli.html: --crf 0..51.0),
+                    //             VP9/AV1 0~63 (libavcodec/libvpxenc.c, libaomenc.c: "crf" -1~63 / libavcodec/libsvtav1.c: "crf" 0~63)
+                    // Reference: https://github.com/FFmpeg/FFmpeg/tree/master/libavcodec
+                    int qpMin, qpMax;
+                    if (encoder.Kind == EncoderKind.QSV)
+                    {
+                        // QSV runs in ICQ (Intelligent Constant Quality) mode when global_quality > 0 and rc_max_rate is 0;
+                        // global_quality 0 selects the encoder's default CQP. The ICQ quality is clamped to 1~51 by FFmpeg:
+                        //   libavcodec/qsvenc.c: q->param.mfx.ICQQuality = av_clip(avctx->global_quality, 1, 51);
+                        // Reference: https://github.com/FFmpeg/FFmpeg/blob/master/libavcodec/qsvenc.c
+                        qpMin = 1;
+                        qpMax = 51;
+                    }
+                    else if (encoder.Kind == EncoderKind.NVENC) (qpMin, qpMax) = GetQualityRange("qp");
+                    else if (encoder.Kind == EncoderKind.AMF) (qpMin, qpMax) = GetQualityRange("qp_i");
+                    else if (encoder == VideoEncoder.LibVvenc) (qpMin, qpMax) = GetQualityRange("qp");
+                    else (qpMin, qpMax) = GetQualityRange("crf"); // Software encoder (libx264, libx265, libvpx-vp9, etc.)
+
                     // Default value 18: Quality close to "visually lossless" in H.264.
                     // Provides similar level of quality in other codecs as well.
-                    var qpValue = _settings.QualityValue is >= 0 and <= 51 ? _settings.QualityValue : 18;
+                    const int defaultQuality = 18;
+                    var requestedQp = _settings.QualityValue;
+                    int qpValue;
+                    if (requestedQp < 0)
+                    {
+                        qpValue = Math.Clamp(defaultQuality, qpMin, qpMax);
+                        Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Warning($"{encoder.Name}: Invalid quality value {requestedQp}. Using {qpValue}.");
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        qpValue = Math.Clamp(requestedQp, qpMin, qpMax);
+                        if (qpValue != requestedQp)
+                            Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Warning($"{encoder.Name}: Quality value {requestedQp} is outside the supported range {qpMin}~{qpMax}. Using {qpValue}.");
+                    }
 
                     if (encoder.Kind == EncoderKind.NVENC)
                     {
                         // NVENC: Applies same QP to I/P/B frames with single "qp" option
-                        ffmpeg.av_opt_set(_pCodecContext->priv_data, "qp", qpValue.ToString(), 0);
+                        TrySetOption("qp", qpValue.ToString());
                     }
                     else if (encoder.Kind == EncoderKind.AMF)
                     {
                         // AMF: QP for I-frame (qp_i) and P-frame (qp_p) must be set separately.
                         // Since B-frames are disabled, qp_b is not set.
-                        ffmpeg.av_opt_set(_pCodecContext->priv_data, "qp_i", qpValue.ToString(), 0);
-                        ffmpeg.av_opt_set(_pCodecContext->priv_data, "qp_p", qpValue.ToString(), 0);
+                        TrySetOption("qp_i", qpValue.ToString());
+                        TrySetOption("qp_p", qpValue.ToString());
                     }
                     else if (encoder.Kind == EncoderKind.QSV)
                     {
-                        // QSV: Uses ICQ (Intelligent Constant Quality) mode with "global_quality" option
-                        ffmpeg.av_opt_set(_pCodecContext->priv_data, "global_quality", qpValue.ToString(), 0);
+                        // QSV: ICQ (Intelligent Constant Quality) mode, configured with AVCodecContext.global_quality.
+                        _pCodecContext->global_quality = qpValue;
                     }
                     else if (encoder == VideoEncoder.LibVvenc)
                     {
                         // libvvenc: Specifies Constant QP mode with "qp" option
-                        ffmpeg.av_opt_set(_pCodecContext->priv_data, "qp", qpValue.ToString(), 0);
+                        TrySetOption("qp", qpValue.ToString());
                     }
-                    else // Software encoder (libx264, libx265, libvpx-vp9, etc.)
+                    else
                     {
                         // CRF (Constant Rate Factor): Smarter quality control than QP.
                         // Automatically adjusts bitrate according to scene complexity to maintain consistent visual quality.
-                        // Range: 0 (lossless) ~ 51 (lowest quality). Typically between 18 and 28.
-                        ffmpeg.av_opt_set(_pCodecContext->priv_data, "crf", qpValue.ToString(), 0);
+                        // Range: 0 (lossless) ~ 51 (lowest quality) for x264/x265, 0~63 for VP9/AV1. Typically between 18 and 28.
+                        TrySetOption("crf", qpValue.ToString());
                     }
                     break;
                 default:
@@ -919,6 +1033,76 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
             }
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets a private option (priv_data) of the encoder.
+        /// Returns true when FFmpeg accepts the option. Otherwise logs a warning with the FFmpeg error and returns false.
+        /// </summary>
+        // ReSharper disable once UnusedMethodReturnValue.Local
+        private bool TrySetOption(string name, string value)
+        {
+            var ret = ffmpeg.av_opt_set(_pCodecContext->priv_data, name, value, 0);
+            if (ret >= 0) return true;
+
+            Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Warning($"[Encoder] Option '{name}={value}' was not applied: {GetFFmpegErrorString(ret)} (Code: {ret})");
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// MFX_MEMTYPE_VIDEO_MEMORY_DECODER_TARGET (0x0010): frames are in video memory and belong to video decoder render targets.
+        /// Reference: https://github.com/intel/libvpl/blob/main/api/vpl/mfxstructures.h
+        /// </summary>
+        private const int QsvMemTypeVideoMemoryDecoderTarget = 0x0010;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Number of surfaces in the QSV GPU frame pool (AVHWFramesContext.initial_pool_size) of GPU frame pool input mode.
+        /// Same value as the encoder frame pool of the FFmpeg hardware encoding example (initial_pool_size = 20).
+        /// Reference: https://github.com/FFmpeg/FFmpeg/blob/release/8.0/doc/examples/vaapi_encode.c
+        /// </summary>
+        private const int QsvFramePoolSize = 20;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Writes AVQSVFramesContext.frame_type of a QSV frames context (AVHWFramesContext.hwctx).
+        /// FFmpeg.AutoGen has no AVQSVFramesContext type, so the field is written at its offset.
+        /// Field order of AVQSVFramesContext: mfxFrameSurface1* surfaces, int nb_surfaces, int frame_type, mfxFrameInfo* info
+        /// → frame_type is at offset sizeof(pointer) + sizeof(int) (12 bytes on 64-bit).
+        /// Reference: https://github.com/FFmpeg/FFmpeg/blob/release/8.0/libavutil/hwcontext_qsv.h
+        /// </summary>
+        private static void SetQsvFrameType(AVHWFramesContext* framesCtx, int frameType)
+        {
+            if (framesCtx->hwctx == null) return;
+            *(int*)((byte*)framesCtx->hwctx + IntPtr.Size + sizeof(int)) = frameType;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Largest declared maximum that is treated as an actual quality range.
+        /// A declared maximum above this value is treated as unbounded, and the fallback range 0~51 is used.
+        /// The largest bounded quality range among the supported encoders is 0~255 (AV1 NVENC/AMF), while
+        /// libx264/libx265 declare "crf" as -1~FLT_MAX (libavcodec/libx264.c, libx265.c).
+        /// </summary>
+        private const double MaxMeaningfulQualityLimit = 1000;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the valid range of a private quality option of the encoder from its option definition (AVOption min/max).
+        /// e.g. 0~51 for H.264/HEVC, 0~63 for VP9/AV1/VVC, 0~255 for AV1 NVENC/AMF.
+        /// The lower bound is at least 0 (a declared minimum of -1 means "auto").
+        /// When the option is missing or its declared maximum is unbounded (see <see cref="MaxMeaningfulQualityLimit"/>), returns 0~51,
+        /// the QP scale of H.264/HEVC 8-bit (x264/x265 CRF 0~51).
+        /// Reference: https://x265.readthedocs.io/en/master/cli.html (--crf 0..51.0)
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="optionName">Name of the quality option in priv_data.</param>
+        private (int Min, int Max) GetQualityRange(string optionName)
+        {
+            const int fallbackMax = 51;
+
+            var option = ffmpeg.av_opt_find(_pCodecContext->priv_data, optionName, null, 0, 0);
+            if (option == null || !(option->max > 0 && option->max <= MaxMeaningfulQualityLimit))
+                return (0, fallbackMax);
+
+            var min = Math.Max(0, (int)Math.Ceiling(option->min));
+            var max = (int)Math.Floor(option->max);
+            return min <= max ? (min, max) : (0, fallbackMax);
+        }
+
         // ================================================================
         // Write Frame
         // ================================================================
@@ -966,10 +1150,42 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
             lock (_lock)
             {
                 if (_disposed || !_isInitialized) return;
+                ValidateInputLength(buffer.Length, isColorConverted: false);
                 WriteFrameFromBuffer((byte*)buffer.GetUnsafeReadOnlyPtr());
             }
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Number of bytes read from the input buffer of one frame.
+        ///   RGBA input (isColorConverted = false):  Width × Height × 4
+        ///   Pre-converted NV12:                      Width × Height (Y) + Width × (Height / 2) (interleaved UV)
+        ///   Pre-converted YUV420P:                   Width × Height (Y) + 2 × (Width / 2) × (Height / 2) (U, V)
+        /// Returns 0 for a pre-converted input of another format (WritePreConvertedFrame rejects it).
+        /// </summary>
+        private long GetRequiredInputLength(bool isColorConverted)
+        {
+            long w = _settings.Width, h = _settings.Height;
+            if (!isColorConverted) return w * h * 4;
+
+            return _dstPixFmt switch
+            {
+                AVPixelFormat.AV_PIX_FMT_NV12 => w * h + w * (h / 2),
+                AVPixelFormat.AV_PIX_FMT_YUV420P => w * h + 2 * (w / 2) * (h / 2),
+                _ => 0
+            };
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Throws an ArgumentException when the input buffer of a frame is smaller than the bytes read from it
+        /// (GetRequiredInputLength), so that the copy does not read outside the buffer.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void ValidateInputLength(long length, bool isColorConverted)
+        {
+            var required = GetRequiredInputLength(isColorConverted);
+            if (length < required)
+                throw new ArgumentException($"Frame buffer is too small: {length} bytes, {required} bytes required for {_settings.Width}x{_settings.Height} {(isColorConverted ? _dstPixFmt.ToString() : "RGBA")} input.");
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Encodes a frame from IntPtr (native pointer).
         /// Can be used from external native plugins or custom capture sources.
@@ -988,6 +1204,7 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
                         : "[Encoder] CPU color conversion fallback enabled (RGBA Input, using sws_scale)");
                 }
 
+                ValidateInputLength(length, isColorConverted);
                 if (isColorConverted) WritePreConvertedFrame((byte*)pointer.ToPointer());
                 else WriteFrameFromBuffer((byte*)pointer.ToPointer());
             }
@@ -1002,6 +1219,10 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
             lock (_lock)
             {
                 if (_disposed || !_isInitialized) return;
+                if (length > buffer.Length)
+                    throw new ArgumentException($"Frame length ({length} bytes) exceeds the buffer size ({buffer.Length} bytes).");
+                ValidateInputLength(length, isColorConverted);
+
                 fixed (byte* pBuffer = buffer)
                 {
                     if (!_loggedConversionMode)
@@ -1018,19 +1239,57 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
             }
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the format, size and color range of the destination frame (_pDstFrame) and allocates a new pixel buffer for it.
+        /// av_frame_get_buffer allocates memory matching format, width and height and sets the data[]/linesize[] pointers.
+        /// Second argument 0 means default alignment.
+        /// Reference: https://ffmpeg.org/doxygen/trunk/group__lavu__frame.html (av_frame_get_buffer)
+        /// </summary>
+        private void AllocateDstFrameBuffer()
+        {
+            _pDstFrame->format = (int)_dstPixFmt;
+            _pDstFrame->width = _settings.Width;
+            _pDstFrame->height = _settings.Height;
+            _pDstFrame->color_range = AVColorRange.AVCOL_RANGE_JPEG;
+
+            var ret = ffmpeg.av_frame_get_buffer(_pDstFrame, 0);
+            if (ret < 0)
+                throw new Exception($"Failed to allocate {_dstPixFmt} frame buffer — {GetFFmpegErrorString(ret)} (Code: {ret})");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Makes the pixel buffer of the destination frame (_pDstFrame) writable before the next frame is written into it.
+        ///
+        /// After avcodec_send_frame, the encoder may keep a reference to the buffer of the submitted frame
+        /// until that frame is encoded (e.g. QSV in system memory input mode). The buffer is then shared and not writable
+        /// (av_frame_is_writable returns 0).
+        /// In that case the frame releases its reference (av_frame_unref) and a new buffer is allocated.
+        /// The encoder keeps the previous buffer until it no longer needs it. The previous contents are not copied,
+        /// because every plane is overwritten by the next frame.
+        ///
+        /// Reference: https://ffmpeg.org/doxygen/trunk/group__lavu__frame.html (av_frame_is_writable, av_frame_unref)
+        /// </summary>
+        private void PrepareDstFrameForWrite()
+        {
+            if (ffmpeg.av_frame_is_writable(_pDstFrame) != 0) return;
+
+            ffmpeg.av_frame_unref(_pDstFrame);
+            AllocateDstFrameBuffer();
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Encodes a frame by directly copying already pre-converted NV12 or YUV420P frame data.
         /// </summary>
         private void WritePreConvertedFrame(byte* buffer)
         {
-            ffmpeg.av_frame_make_writable(_pDstFrame);
+            PrepareDstFrameForWrite();
 
             var width = _settings.Width;
             var height = _settings.Height;
 
             switch (_dstPixFmt)
             {
-                case AVPixelFormat.AV_PIX_FMT_NV12 or AVPixelFormat.AV_PIX_FMT_QSV:
+                case AVPixelFormat.AV_PIX_FMT_NV12:
                 {
                     // Copy Y Plane
                     var pSrcY = buffer;
@@ -1137,20 +1396,17 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
         /// Core logic for actual frame encoding.
         ///
         /// Processing flow:
-        ///   1. av_frame_make_writable: Check if destination frame buffer is writable
+        ///   1. PrepareDstFrameForWrite: Makes the destination frame buffer writable
         ///      (Allocates a new buffer if encoder is still referencing previous frame's buffer)
         ///   2. sws_scale: RGBA → YUV420P/NV12 colorspace conversion
         ///   3. (QSV hw_frames mode) av_hwframe_transfer_data: Upload NV12 → QSV hardware surface
         ///   4. Pass to encoder after setting PTS
         ///
-        /// Reference: https://ffmpeg.org/doxygen/trunk/group__lavu__frame.html (av_frame_make_writable)
         /// Reference: https://ffmpeg.org/doxygen/trunk/group__libsws.html (sws_scale)
         /// </summary>
         private void WriteFrame()
         {
-            // Ensure writable state since encoder might still be referencing previous frame's buffer.
-            // Internally allocates a new buffer if referenced.
-            ffmpeg.av_frame_make_writable(_pDstFrame);
+            PrepareDstFrameForWrite();
 
             // ── Colorspace conversion: RGBA → YUV420P or NV12 ──
             // sws_scale parameters explanation:
@@ -1180,8 +1436,8 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
                 // av_hwframe_get_buffer: Get an empty hardware frame from hw_frames_ctx frame pool.
                 // av_hwframe_transfer_data: Copy (upload) NV12 software frame data to QSV surface.
                 //
-                // Through this process, the encoder can read frames directly from GPU memory,
-                // minimizing PCIe bandwidth usage.
+                // The frame is copied from system memory to the GPU surface on every call;
+                // the encoder then reads the surface from GPU memory.
                 //
                 // Reference: https://ffmpeg.org/doxygen/trunk/group__lavu__hwcontext.html
                 
@@ -1256,7 +1512,7 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
             var response = ffmpeg.avcodec_send_frame(_pCodecContext, pFrame);
             if (response < 0)
             {
-                throw new Exception($"Error occurred while sending frame to encoder. (Code: {response})");
+                throw new Exception($"Error occurred while sending frame to encoder: {GetFFmpegErrorString(response)} (Code: {response})");
             }
 
             // Pop all encoded packets and write to file.
@@ -1270,7 +1526,7 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
                     // EOF:    Encoder flush complete (all delayed frames outputted) → exit loop
                     if (response == ffmpeg.AVERROR(ffmpeg.EAGAIN) || response == ffmpeg.AVERROR_EOF) break;
                     if (response < 0)
-                        throw new Exception($"Error occurred while receiving packet from encoder. (Code: {response})");
+                        throw new Exception($"Error occurred while receiving packet from encoder: {GetFFmpegErrorString(response)} (Code: {response})");
 
                     // Convert PTS/DTS from codec timebase → stream timebase
                     ffmpeg.av_packet_rescale_ts(_pPacket, _pCodecContext->time_base, _pVideoStream->time_base);
@@ -1281,7 +1537,7 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
                     // and written in time order. This function is used even when only video is present.
                     response = ffmpeg.av_interleaved_write_frame(_pFormatContext, _pPacket);
                     if (response < 0)
-                        throw new Exception($"Error occurred while writing packet to file. (Code: {response})");
+                        throw new Exception($"Error occurred while writing packet to file: {GetFFmpegErrorString(response)} (Code: {response})");
 
                     // Unref packet data reference for reuse in next receive_packet.
                     ffmpeg.av_packet_unref(_pPacket);
@@ -1311,8 +1567,13 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
         ///   2. av_write_trailer: Writes container trailer (end-of-file metadata).
         ///      For MP4, the moov atom (index info) is completed here.
         ///      ⚠️ If trailer is not written, the file becomes corrupted and unplayable!
+        ///      av_write_trailer also flushes the output buffer and returns the write error of the output (AVIOContext.error), if any.
+        ///
+        /// Throws an exception when a flush or the trailer fails (e.g. the disk is full), because the file is then incomplete.
+        /// End() runs once: after it returns or throws, further calls return immediately.
         ///
         /// Reference: https://ffmpeg.org/doxygen/trunk/group__lavf__encoding.html
+        /// Reference: https://github.com/FFmpeg/FFmpeg/blob/release/8.0/libavformat/mux.c (av_write_trailer)
         /// </summary>
         public void End()
         {
@@ -1320,39 +1581,31 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
             {
                 if (_disposed || !_isInitialized) return;
 
-                // 1. Flush delayed frames from video encoder (send null frame as "end of input" signal)
                 try
                 {
+                    // 1. Flush delayed frames from video encoder (send null frame as "end of input" signal)
                     SendFrameAndWritePackets(null);
-                }
-                catch (Exception ex)
-                {
-                    // Log error occurring during flush process
-                    Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Error($"Error during video encoder flush: {ex.Message}");
-                }
 
                     // 1.5. Flush remaining samples in audio FIFO + flush audio encoder
                     if (_audioEnabled)
-                {
-                    try
                     {
                         FlushAudioEncoder();
                     }
-                    catch (Exception ex)
-                    {
-                        Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Error($"Error during audio encoder flush: {ex.Message}");
-                    }
-                }
 
                     // 2. Write container trailer (moov atom and file termination metadata)
                     if (_pFormatContext != null)
                     {
-                    ffmpeg.av_write_trailer(_pFormatContext);
+                        var ret = ffmpeg.av_write_trailer(_pFormatContext);
+                        if (ret < 0)
+                            throw new Exception($"Failed to write the container trailer — {GetFFmpegErrorString(ret)} (Code: {ret})");
                     }
-
+                }
+                finally
+                {
                     _isInitialized = false;
                 }
             }
+        }
 
         // ================================================================
         // Resource Cleanup (Dispose)
@@ -1361,11 +1614,13 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
         /// <summary>
         /// Actual resource cleanup logic. Cleanup order is important:
         ///
-        ///   1. Call End() (if not called yet) → flush delayed frames + write trailer
-        ///   2. SwsContext (scaler) → independent, can be freed first
-        ///   3. AVFrame (src/dst) → freed before codec as codec may reference them
-        ///   4. AVCodecContext (codec) → hw_frames_ctx/hw_device_ctx freed together
-        ///   5. AVFormatContext (format/IO) → includes closing file handle
+        ///   1. SwsContext (scaler) → independent, can be freed first
+        ///   2. AVFrame (src/dst) → freed before codec as codec may reference them
+        ///   3. AVCodecContext (codec) → hw_frames_ctx/hw_device_ctx freed together
+        ///   4. AVFormatContext (format/IO) → includes closing file handle
+        ///
+        /// Dispose does not finish the file (no encoder flush, no trailer). A file is complete only after End() returned.
+        /// Without End(), the output file is incomplete and is left to the caller (the renderer deletes it).
         ///
         /// Reference:
         ///   av_frame_free: https://ffmpeg.org/doxygen/trunk/group__lavu__frame.html
@@ -1379,12 +1634,7 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
             {
                 if (_disposed) return;
                 _disposed = true;
-
-                // Trigger End() safely in case Dispose is called without calling End() first
-                if (_isInitialized)
-                {
-                    try { End(); } catch { /* Ignore */ }
-                }
+                _isInitialized = false;
 
                 // Release Sws scaler
                 if (_pSwsContext != null)
@@ -1552,6 +1802,10 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
                 ? audioSettings.InputSampleFormat
                 : AVSampleFormat.AV_SAMPLE_FMT_FLT;
 
+            // Bytes of one sample of every channel in the interleaved input (e.g. FLT stereo: 4 × 2 = 8 bytes).
+            // Reference: https://ffmpeg.org/doxygen/trunk/group__lavu__sampfmts.html (av_get_bytes_per_sample)
+            _audioInputBytesPerSample = ffmpeg.av_get_bytes_per_sample(inputSampleFmt) * audioSettings.Channels;
+
             // Allocate SwrContext
             fixed (SwrContext** ppSwr = &_pSwrContext)
             {
@@ -1615,6 +1869,8 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
             lock (_lock)
             {
                 if (_disposed || !_isInitialized || !_audioEnabled) return;
+                if (numSamples < 0 || (long)numSamples * _audioInputBytesPerSample > (long)samples.Length * sizeof(float))
+                    throw new ArgumentException($"Audio sample count ({numSamples} per channel) exceeds the buffer size ({samples.Length} floats).");
 
                 fixed (float* pSamples = samples)
                 {
@@ -1649,6 +1905,19 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
         ///   swr_convert: https://ffmpeg.org/doxygen/trunk/group__lswr.html
         ///   av_audio_fifo: https://ffmpeg.org/doxygen/trunk/group__lavu__audiofifo.html
         /// </summary>
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Makes the buffer of the reusable audio frame (_pAudioFrame) writable before samples are read into it.
+        /// When the audio encoder still references the buffer, av_frame_make_writable allocates a new buffer.
+        /// Throws an exception when the buffer cannot be allocated.
+        /// Reference: https://ffmpeg.org/doxygen/trunk/group__lavu__frame.html (av_frame_make_writable)
+        /// </summary>
+        private void MakeAudioFrameWritable()
+        {
+            var ret = ffmpeg.av_frame_make_writable(_pAudioFrame);
+            if (ret < 0)
+                throw new Exception($"Failed to make the audio frame writable: {GetFFmpegErrorString(ret)} (Code: {ret})");
+        }
+
         private void WriteAudioSamplesInternal(byte* inputBuffer, int numSamples)
         {
             // ── 1. Resampling: Input format → Encoder format ──
@@ -1687,7 +1956,7 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
                 var frameSize = _pAudioCodecContext->frame_size > 0 ? _pAudioCodecContext->frame_size : 1024;
                 while (ffmpeg.av_audio_fifo_size(_pAudioFifo) >= frameSize)
                 {
-                    ffmpeg.av_frame_make_writable(_pAudioFrame);
+                    MakeAudioFrameWritable();
                     _pAudioFrame->nb_samples = frameSize;
 
                     var read = ffmpeg.av_audio_fifo_read(_pAudioFifo, (void**)&_pAudioFrame->data, frameSize);
@@ -1750,8 +2019,13 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Flushes the audio encoder.
-        /// Pads and encodes remaining samples (less than frame_size) in FIFO,
-        /// then sends null frame to output all delayed frames in encoder.
+        /// Sends the samples remaining in the FIFO (fewer than frame_size) as one last short frame,
+        /// then sends a null frame to output all delayed packets of the encoder.
+        ///
+        /// The short frame is handled by libavcodec (encode_send_frame_internal):
+        ///   encoders with AV_CODEC_CAP_SMALL_LAST_FRAME or AV_CODEC_CAP_VARIABLE_FRAME_SIZE receive it as is,
+        ///   other encoders receive it padded with silence up to frame_size (pad_last_frame).
+        /// Reference: https://github.com/FFmpeg/FFmpeg/blob/release/8.0/libavcodec/encode.c
         /// </summary>
         private void FlushAudioEncoder()
         {
@@ -1761,7 +2035,7 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
             var remaining = ffmpeg.av_audio_fifo_size(_pAudioFifo);
             if (remaining > 0)
             {
-                ffmpeg.av_frame_make_writable(_pAudioFrame);
+                MakeAudioFrameWritable();
                 _pAudioFrame->nb_samples = remaining;
 
                 var read = ffmpeg.av_audio_fifo_read(_pAudioFifo, (void**)&_pAudioFrame->data, remaining);

Util/FrameReader.cs

@@ -27,11 +27,33 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util
         private bool _isInitialized;
         private volatile bool _isDisposed;
 
-        private readonly AVPixelFormat _targetFormat;
+        private readonly ComputeShader? _computeShader;
+        private readonly int _kernelIndex = -1;
+        private readonly bool _useGPUConversion;
+        private readonly AVPixelFormat _expectedFormat;
 
         public FrameReader(AVPixelFormat targetFormat)
         {
-            _targetFormat = targetFormat;
+            _computeShader = ModAssets.ColorConversionShader;
+            if (_computeShader)
+            {
+                var kernelName = targetFormat switch
+                {
+                    AVPixelFormat.AV_PIX_FMT_NV12 => "CSMain_NV12",
+                    AVPixelFormat.AV_PIX_FMT_YUV420P => "CSMain_YUV420P",
+                    _ => null
+                };
+
+                if (kernelName != null)
+                {
+                    try { _kernelIndex = _computeShader.FindKernel(kernelName); }
+                    catch { _kernelIndex = -1; }
+                }
+            }
+
+            _useGPUConversion = _kernelIndex >= 0;
+            _expectedFormat = _useGPUConversion ? targetFormat : AVPixelFormat.AV_PIX_FMT_RGBA;
+
             InitializePool();
         }
 
@@ -71,42 +93,22 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util
                 state.IsInFlight = true;
             }
 
-            // Check if GPU color conversion is available
-            var expectedFmt = AVPixelFormat.AV_PIX_FMT_RGBA;
-
-            var kernelIndex = -1;
-            if (ModAssets.ColorConversionShader)
-            {
-                var kernalName = _targetFormat switch
-                {
-                    AVPixelFormat.AV_PIX_FMT_NV12 => "CSMain_NV12",
-                    AVPixelFormat.AV_PIX_FMT_YUV420P => "CSMain_YUV420P",
-                    _ => null
-                };
-
-                if (kernalName != null)
-                    kernelIndex = ModAssets.ColorConversionShader.FindKernel(kernalName);
-            }
-
-            var useGPUConversion = kernelIndex >= 0;
-            if (useGPUConversion) expectedFmt = _targetFormat;
-
             var bufferSize = texture.width * texture.height * 4; // RGBA = 4 channel
-            state.Setup(currentFrame, bufferSize, useGPUConversion, expectedFmt, texture.width, texture.height);
+            state.Setup(currentFrame, bufferSize, _useGPUConversion, _expectedFormat, texture.width, texture.height);
 
-            if (useGPUConversion && state.GPUBuffer != null && ModAssets.ColorConversionShader)
+            if (_useGPUConversion && state.GPUBuffer != null && _computeShader)
             {
-                ModAssets.ColorConversionShader.SetTexture(kernelIndex, SourceTexture, texture);
-                ModAssets.ColorConversionShader.SetBuffer(kernelIndex, DestinationBuffer, state.GPUBuffer);
-                ModAssets.ColorConversionShader.SetInt(Width, texture.width);
-                ModAssets.ColorConversionShader.SetInt(Height, texture.height);
+                _computeShader.SetTexture(_kernelIndex, SourceTexture, texture);
+                _computeShader.SetBuffer(_kernelIndex, DestinationBuffer, state.GPUBuffer);
+                _computeShader.SetInt(Width, texture.width);
+                _computeShader.SetInt(Height, texture.height);
 
-                var threadGroupsX = expectedFmt == AVPixelFormat.AV_PIX_FMT_NV12
+                var threadGroupsX = _expectedFormat == AVPixelFormat.AV_PIX_FMT_NV12
                     ? (texture.width + 31) / 32
                     : (texture.width + 63) / 64;
                 var threadGroupsY = (texture.height + 15) / 16;
 
-                ModAssets.ColorConversionShader.Dispatch(kernelIndex, threadGroupsX, threadGroupsY, 1);
+                _computeShader.Dispatch(_kernelIndex, threadGroupsX, threadGroupsY, 1);
 
                 AsyncGPUReadback.RequestIntoNativeArray(
                     ref state.NativeBuffer, state.GPUBuffer, state.CachedCallback
@@ -138,7 +140,7 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util
                 }
             }
 
-            if (RenderManager.Instance && RenderManager.Instance.IsRenderCancelled)
+            if (RenderManager.Instance && RenderManager.Instance.IsRenderAborted)
             {
                 RecycleState(state);
                 return;
@@ -152,14 +154,11 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util
                 }
                 Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Warning($"[OOM Prevent] GPU Readback failed for frame {frame}. Queue deadlock prevented by sending a black frame.");
 
-                var byteSize = state.Width * state.Height * 3 / 2;
-                var blackFrame = ArrayPool<byte>.Shared.Rent(byteSize);
-                Array.Clear(blackFrame, 0, byteSize);
-                
+                var blackFrame = CreateBlackFrame(state, out var byteSize);
                 var capFrame = new RenderManager.CapturedFrame
                 {
                     ManagedBuffer = blackFrame, Length = byteSize,
-                    IsColorConverted = true
+                    IsColorConverted = state.IsGPUConversion
                 };
                 PushToQueue(frame, capFrame);
                 RecycleState(state);
@@ -188,6 +187,36 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util
             }
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a black frame in the same format as the frames of this reader, from ArrayPool&lt;byte&gt;.Shared
+        /// (returned to the pool by the render thread after encoding).
+        ///
+        ///   GPU conversion (NV12 / YUV420P, full range): Width × Height × 3 / 2 bytes.
+        ///     Y plane (Width × Height bytes) = 0, U/V data (the rest) = 128.
+        ///     128 is the zero chroma value of the 8-bit full range: the U/V offset 0.5 of RGB2YUV_BT709_Full
+        ///     in ColorConversion.compute, which the encoder input of this path uses.
+        ///     Both NV12 (interleaved UV) and YUV420P (U plane, then V plane) store all chroma after the Y plane,
+        ///     so the same fill applies to both.
+        ///   No GPU conversion (RGBA input, converted by the encoder): Width × Height × 4 bytes, all 0.
+        /// </summary>
+        private static byte[] CreateBlackFrame(ReadbackRequestState state, out int byteSize)
+        {
+            var lumaSize = state.Width * state.Height;
+            byteSize = state.IsGPUConversion ? lumaSize * 3 / 2 : lumaSize * 4;
+
+            var frame = ArrayPool<byte>.Shared.Rent(byteSize);
+            if (state.IsGPUConversion)
+            {
+                Array.Clear(frame, 0, lumaSize);
+                frame.AsSpan(lumaSize, byteSize - lumaSize).Fill(128);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                Array.Clear(frame, 0, byteSize);
+            }
+            return frame;
+        }
+
         internal void RecycleState(ReadbackRequestState state)
         {
             lock (_poolLock)

Util/GPUUtil.cs

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ using System.Linq;
 using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
 using ADOFAIRenderer.Data;
 using ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg;
+using ADOFAIRenderer.Util.OS;
 using MelonLoader;
 using UnityEngine;
 
@@ -121,7 +122,7 @@ internal static class GPUUtil
                 !int.TryParse(regMatch.Groups[4].Value, out var build)) continue;
                             
             var nvidiaVerInt = sub % 10 * 10000 + build;
-            _cachedNvidiaVersion = nvidiaVerInt / 100f;
+            _cachedNvidiaVersion = nvidiaVerInt / 100.0;
             Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Msg($"Parsed NVIDIA Driver Version from Registry (RegistryUtil): {_cachedNvidiaVersion:F2}");
             return _cachedNvidiaVersion;
         }

Util/OS/FolderDialogUtil.cs

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ using System.Threading;
 using System.Threading.Tasks;
 using MelonLoader;
 
-namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util;
+namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.OS;
 
 [SuppressMessage("ReSharper", "InconsistentNaming")]
 [SuppressMessage("ReSharper", "UnusedMember.Local")]

Util/OS/OSNotification.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,583 @@
+using System;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using System.Threading;
+using MelonLoader;
+
+namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.OS;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Sends native desktop notifications on Windows, macOS, and Linux.
+/// <para>
+/// - <b>Windows</b>: Toast notification shown by a hidden <c>powershell.exe</c> process
+///   (WinRT <c>ToastNotificationManager</c>, script passed with <c>-EncodedCommand</c>).
+///   With a folder path, the script also registers the <c>adofai-renderer://</c> URL protocol under
+///   <c>HKCU\Software\Classes\adofai-renderer</c> (open command: <c>explorer.exe "&lt;folder&gt;"</c>)
+///   so the toast button opens the folder; the key is overwritten on each notification and stays registered.
+///   When PowerShell fails, a Win32 <c>Shell_NotifyIcon</c> balloon is shown via P/Invoke.
+/// </para>
+/// <para>
+/// - <b>macOS</b>: Uses <c>osascript</c> with AppleScript's <c>display notification</c>.
+/// </para>
+/// <para>
+/// - <b>Linux</b>: Uses <c>notify-send</c> (libnotify) with <c>xdg-open</c> for folder actions.
+/// </para>
+/// </summary>
+internal static class OSNotification
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Sends a native desktop notification.
+    /// If <paramref name="folderPath"/> is provided, Windows and Linux will attempt to open
+    /// the folder when the notification is clicked/dismissed.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="title">The notification title.</param>
+    /// <param name="message">The notification body text.</param>
+    /// <param name="folderPath">Optional folder path to open on click (Windows balloon click / Linux action).</param>
+    public static void Show(string title, string message, string? folderPath = null)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            if (RuntimeInformation.IsOSPlatform(OSPlatform.Windows))
+            {
+                WindowsNotification.Send(title, message, folderPath);
+            }
+            else if (RuntimeInformation.IsOSPlatform(OSPlatform.OSX))
+            {
+                MacNotification.Send(title, message);
+            }
+            else if (RuntimeInformation.IsOSPlatform(OSPlatform.Linux))
+            {
+                LinuxNotification.Send(title, message, folderPath);
+            }
+        }
+        catch (Exception ex)
+        {
+            MelonLogger.Warning($"[OSNotification] Failed to send notification: {ex.Message}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #region Windows — Toast (primary) + Shell_NotifyIcon (fallback)
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Windows notification with two strategies:
+    /// <para>1. <b>Toast</b> via PowerShell — persists in Action Center.</para>
+    /// <para>2. <b>Shell_NotifyIcon balloon</b> via P/Invoke — fallback if toast fails.</para>
+    /// </summary>
+    private static class WindowsNotification
+    {
+        public static void Send(string title, string message, string? folderPath)
+        {
+            var thread = new Thread(() =>
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    if (!TrySendToast(title, message, folderPath))
+                    {
+                        SendBalloon(title, message, folderPath);
+                    }
+                }
+                catch (Exception ex)
+                {
+                    MelonLogger.Warning($"[OSNotification] Windows notification failed: {ex.Message}");
+                }
+            })
+            {
+                IsBackground = true,
+                Name = "OSNotification-Win"
+            };
+            thread.Start();
+        }
+
+        #region Toast via PowerShell
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Attempts to show a Windows Toast notification via PowerShell.
+        /// With a folder path, registers the adofai-renderer:// protocol in HKCU first (see class summary).
+        /// Waits up to 5 seconds for the process. Returns true when it exits with code 0,
+        /// false when it exits with another code, does not exit within 5 seconds, or fails to start.
+        /// </summary>
+        private static bool TrySendToast(string title, string message, string? folderPath)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                string xmlTitle = System.Security.SecurityElement.Escape(title) ?? title;
+                string xmlMessage = System.Security.SecurityElement.Escape(message) ?? message;
+
+                string toastXml;
+                string psScript;
+
+                if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(folderPath))
+                {
+                    var escapedFolder = folderPath.Replace("'", "''");
+
+                    toastXml =
+                        "<toast launch=\"adofai-renderer://\" activationType=\"protocol\">" +
+                        "<visual><binding template=\"ToastGeneric\">" +
+                        $"<text>{xmlTitle}</text><text>{xmlMessage}</text>" +
+                        "</binding></visual>" +
+                        "<actions>" +
+                        "<action content=\"Open Render Folder\" arguments=\"adofai-renderer://\" activationType=\"protocol\"/>" +
+                        "</actions></toast>";
+
+                    psScript =
+                        "$protocolPath = 'HKCU:\\Software\\Classes\\adofai-renderer'\n" +
+                        "$null = New-Item -Path $protocolPath -Force\n" +
+                        "$null = New-ItemProperty -Path $protocolPath -Name 'URL Protocol' -Value '' -PropertyType String -Force\n" +
+                        "Set-Item -Path $protocolPath -Value 'URL:adofai-renderer Protocol' | Out-Null\n" +
+                        "$cmdPath = \"$protocolPath\\shell\\open\\command\"\n" +
+                        "$null = New-Item -Path $cmdPath -Force\n" +
+                        $"Set-Item -Path $cmdPath -Value 'explorer.exe \"{escapedFolder}\"' | Out-Null\n" +
+                        "[Windows.UI.Notifications.ToastNotificationManager, Windows.UI.Notifications, ContentType = WindowsRuntime] | Out-Null\n" +
+                        "[Windows.Data.Xml.Dom.XmlDocument, Windows.Data, ContentType = WindowsRuntime] | Out-Null\n" +
+                        "$xml = [Windows.Data.Xml.Dom.XmlDocument]::new()\n" +
+                        $"$xml.LoadXml('{toastXml}')\n" +
+                        "[Windows.UI.Notifications.ToastNotificationManager]::CreateToastNotifier('ADOFAI Renderer').Show([Windows.UI.Notifications.ToastNotification]::new($xml))";
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    toastXml =
+                        "<toast><visual><binding template=\"ToastGeneric\">" +
+                        $"<text>{xmlTitle}</text><text>{xmlMessage}</text>" +
+                        "</binding></visual></toast>";
+
+                    psScript =
+                        "[Windows.UI.Notifications.ToastNotificationManager, Windows.UI.Notifications, ContentType = WindowsRuntime] | Out-Null\n" +
+                        "[Windows.Data.Xml.Dom.XmlDocument, Windows.Data, ContentType = WindowsRuntime] | Out-Null\n" +
+                        "$xml = [Windows.Data.Xml.Dom.XmlDocument]::new()\n" +
+                        $"$xml.LoadXml('{toastXml}')\n" +
+                        "[Windows.UI.Notifications.ToastNotificationManager]::CreateToastNotifier('ADOFAI Renderer').Show([Windows.UI.Notifications.ToastNotification]::new($xml))";
+                }
+
+                byte[] bytes = System.Text.Encoding.Unicode.GetBytes(psScript);
+                string base64 = Convert.ToBase64String(bytes);
+
+                var startInfo = new ProcessStartInfo
+                {
+                    FileName = "powershell.exe",
+                    Arguments = $"-NoProfile -NonInteractive -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -EncodedCommand {base64}",
+                    CreateNoWindow = true,
+                    UseShellExecute = false,
+                    RedirectStandardError = true,
+                    WindowStyle = ProcessWindowStyle.Hidden
+                };
+
+                using var process = new Process();
+                process.StartInfo = startInfo;
+                process.Start();
+                process.WaitForExit(5000);
+
+                // If PowerShell exited with error, treat as failure
+                if (process.ExitCode != 0)
+                {
+                    string stderr = process.StandardError.ReadToEnd().Trim();
+                    if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(stderr))
+                        MelonLogger.Warning($"[OSNotification] Toast failed (using fallback): {stderr}");
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                return true;
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                MelonLogger.Warning($"[OSNotification] Toast failed (using fallback): {ex.Message}");
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Balloon via Shell_NotifyIcon
+
+        // ReSharper disable InconsistentNaming
+        private const int NIM_ADD = 0x00;
+        private const int NIM_DELETE = 0x02;
+
+        private const int NIF_MESSAGE = 0x01;
+        private const int NIF_ICON = 0x02;
+        private const int NIF_TIP = 0x04;
+        private const int NIF_INFO = 0x10;
+
+        private const int NIIF_INFO = 0x01;
+
+        private const int WM_USER = 0x0400;
+        private const int WM_TRAYICON = WM_USER + 1;
+        private const int NIN_BALLOONUSERCLICK = 0x0405;
+
+        private const int WS_OVERLAPPED = 0x00000000;
+        private const uint WM_CLOSE = 0x0010;
+        private const int TRAY_ICON_UID = 29471;
+        // ReSharper restore InconsistentNaming
+
+        [DllImport("shell32.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)]
+        private static extern bool Shell_NotifyIconW(int dwMessage, ref NotifyIconDataW lpData);
+
+        [DllImport("user32.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)]
+        private static extern IntPtr CreateWindowExW(
+            int dwExStyle, string lpClassName, string lpWindowName,
+            int dwStyle, int x, int y, int nWidth, int nHeight,
+            IntPtr hWndParent, IntPtr hMenu, IntPtr hInstance, IntPtr lpParam);
+
+        [DllImport("user32.dll")]
+        [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
+        private static extern bool DestroyWindow(IntPtr hWnd);
+
+        [DllImport("user32.dll")]
+        private static extern IntPtr LoadIconW(IntPtr hInstance, IntPtr lpIconName);
+
+        [DllImport("user32.dll")]
+        [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
+        private static extern bool GetMessageW(out Msg lpMsg, IntPtr hWnd, uint wMsgFilterMin, uint wMsgFilterMax);
+
+        [DllImport("user32.dll")]
+        private static extern IntPtr TranslateMessage(ref Msg lpMsg);
+
+        [DllImport("user32.dll")]
+        private static extern IntPtr DispatchMessageW(ref Msg lpMsg);
+
+        [DllImport("user32.dll")]
+        [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
+        private static extern bool PostMessageW(IntPtr hWnd, uint msg, IntPtr wParam, IntPtr lParam);
+
+        [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)]
+        private struct NotifyIconDataW
+        {
+            public int cbSize;
+            public IntPtr hWnd;
+            public int uID;
+            public int uFlags;
+            public int uCallbackMessage;
+            public IntPtr hIcon;
+            [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.ByValTStr, SizeConst = 128)]
+            public string szTip;
+            public int dwState;
+            public int dwStateMask;
+            [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.ByValTStr, SizeConst = 256)]
+            public string szInfo;
+            public int uTimeoutOrVersion;
+            [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.ByValTStr, SizeConst = 64)]
+            public string szInfoTitle;
+            public int dwInfoFlags;
+        }
+
+        [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+        private struct Msg
+        {
+            public IntPtr hwnd;
+            public uint message;
+            public IntPtr wParam;
+            public IntPtr lParam;
+            public uint time;
+            public int pt_x;
+            public int pt_y;
+        }
+
+        private static void SendBalloon(string title, string message, string? folderPath)
+        {
+            if (title.Length > 63) title = title.Substring(0, 63);
+            if (message.Length > 255) message = message.Substring(0, 255);
+
+            IntPtr hWnd = IntPtr.Zero;
+            var nid = new NotifyIconDataW();
+
+            try
+            {
+                var hwndMessage = new IntPtr(-3);
+                hWnd = CreateWindowExW(
+                    0, "Static", "ADOFAIRendererNotify",
+                    WS_OVERLAPPED, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+                    hwndMessage, IntPtr.Zero, IntPtr.Zero, IntPtr.Zero);
+
+                if (hWnd == IntPtr.Zero)
+                {
+                    MelonLogger.Warning("[OSNotification] Cannot create message window.");
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                IntPtr hIcon = LoadIconW(IntPtr.Zero, (IntPtr)32512);
+
+                nid.cbSize = Marshal.SizeOf(typeof(NotifyIconDataW));
+                nid.hWnd = hWnd;
+                nid.uID = TRAY_ICON_UID;
+                nid.uFlags = NIF_MESSAGE | NIF_ICON | NIF_TIP | NIF_INFO;
+                nid.uCallbackMessage = WM_TRAYICON;
+                nid.hIcon = hIcon;
+                nid.szTip = "ADOFAI Renderer";
+                nid.szInfo = message;
+                nid.szInfoTitle = title;
+                nid.dwInfoFlags = NIIF_INFO;
+                nid.uTimeoutOrVersion = 4;
+
+                Shell_NotifyIconW(NIM_ADD, ref nid);
+
+                if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(folderPath))
+                {
+                    var capturedFolder = folderPath;
+                    var closeTimer = new System.Threading.Timer(_ =>
+                    {
+                        try { PostMessageW(hWnd, WM_CLOSE, IntPtr.Zero, IntPtr.Zero); }
+                        catch { /* ignored */ }
+                    }, null, 12000, Timeout.Infinite);
+
+                    try
+                    {
+                        while (GetMessageW(out var msg, IntPtr.Zero, 0, 0))
+                        {
+                            if (msg.message == WM_CLOSE)
+                                break;
+
+                            if (msg.message == WM_TRAYICON)
+                            {
+                                int notifyMsg = (int)(long)msg.lParam;
+                                if (notifyMsg == NIN_BALLOONUSERCLICK)
+                                {
+                                    try
+                                    {
+                                        var psi = new ProcessStartInfo();
+                                        psi.FileName = capturedFolder;
+                                        psi.UseShellExecute = true;
+                                        Process.Start(psi);
+                                    }
+                                    catch (Exception ex)
+                                    {
+                                        MelonLogger.Warning(
+                                            $"[OSNotification] Cannot open folder: {ex.Message}");
+                                    }
+
+                                    break;
+                                }
+                            }
+
+                            TranslateMessage(ref msg);
+                            DispatchMessageW(ref msg);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    finally
+                    {
+                        closeTimer.Dispose();
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    Thread.Sleep(500);
+                }
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                MelonLogger.Warning($"[OSNotification] Balloon notification failed: {ex.Message}");
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                if (hWnd != IntPtr.Zero)
+                {
+                    nid.uFlags = 0;
+                    Shell_NotifyIconW(NIM_DELETE, ref nid);
+                    DestroyWindow(hWnd);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+    }
+
+    #endregion
+
+    #region macOS — osascript
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// macOS notification using <c>osascript -e 'display notification ...'</c>.
+    /// </summary>
+    private static class MacNotification
+    {
+        public static void Send(string title, string message)
+        {
+            // AppleScript string escaping: backslash and double-quote
+            string escapedTitle = EscapeAppleScript(title);
+            string escapedMessage = EscapeAppleScript(message);
+
+            // Use ProcessStartInfo with ArgumentList to avoid shell-level escaping issues.
+            // Each argument is passed directly to the process without shell interpretation.
+            var script =
+                $"display notification \"{escapedMessage}\" with title \"{escapedTitle}\"";
+
+            var startInfo = new ProcessStartInfo
+            {
+                FileName = "osascript",
+                CreateNoWindow = true,
+                UseShellExecute = false,
+                WindowStyle = ProcessWindowStyle.Hidden
+            };
+            startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("-e");
+            startInfo.ArgumentList.Add(script);
+
+            RunProcess(startInfo);
+        }
+
+        private static string EscapeAppleScript(string value)
+        {
+            // In AppleScript string literals, escape backslash and double-quote
+            return value
+                .Replace("\\", "\\\\")
+                .Replace("\"", "\\\"");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #endregion
+
+    #region Linux — notify-send / gdbus
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Linux notification using <c>notify-send</c> (libnotify CLI).
+    /// Falls back to <c>gdbus</c> (D-Bus direct call) if notify-send is unavailable.
+    /// </summary>
+    private static class LinuxNotification
+    {
+        public static void Send(string title, string message, string? folderPath)
+        {
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(folderPath))
+            {
+                ShowWithAction(title, message, folderPath);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ShowSimple(title, message);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static void ShowSimple(string title, string message)
+        {
+            // Try notify-send first
+            if (TryNotifySend(title, message))
+                return;
+
+            // Fallback to gdbus
+            TryGdbus(title, message);
+        }
+
+        private static void ShowWithAction(string title, string message, string folderPath)
+        {
+            // Run on a background thread because notify-send with --action blocks
+            // until the notification is dismissed or the action is clicked.
+            System.Threading.Tasks.Task.Run(() =>
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    var startInfo = new ProcessStartInfo
+                    {
+                        FileName = "notify-send",
+                        CreateNoWindow = true,
+                        UseShellExecute = false,
+                        RedirectStandardOutput = true,
+                        WindowStyle = ProcessWindowStyle.Hidden
+                    };
+                    startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("-a");
+                    startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("ADOFAI Renderer");
+                    startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("--action=open_folder=Open Render Folder");
+                    startInfo.ArgumentList.Add(title);
+                    startInfo.ArgumentList.Add(message);
+
+                    using var process = new Process();
+                    process.StartInfo = startInfo;
+                    process.Start();
+                    string output = process.StandardOutput.ReadToEnd().Trim();
+                    process.WaitForExit();
+
+                    if (output == "open_folder")
+                    {
+                        var openInfo = new ProcessStartInfo
+                        {
+                            FileName = "xdg-open",
+                            CreateNoWindow = true,
+                            UseShellExecute = false,
+                            WindowStyle = ProcessWindowStyle.Hidden
+                        };
+                        openInfo.ArgumentList.Add(folderPath);
+
+                        RunProcess(openInfo);
+                    }
+                }
+                catch (Exception ex)
+                {
+                    MelonLogger.Warning($"[OSNotification] Linux notification processing failed: {ex.Message}");
+
+                    // Fallback: show without action
+                    ShowSimple(title, message);
+                }
+            });
+        }
+
+        private static bool TryNotifySend(string title, string message)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                var startInfo = new ProcessStartInfo
+                {
+                    FileName = "notify-send",
+                    CreateNoWindow = true,
+                    UseShellExecute = false,
+                    WindowStyle = ProcessWindowStyle.Hidden
+                };
+                startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("-a");
+                startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("ADOFAI Renderer");
+                startInfo.ArgumentList.Add(title);
+                startInfo.ArgumentList.Add(message);
+
+                RunProcess(startInfo);
+                return true;
+            }
+            catch
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static void TryGdbus(string title, string message)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                // Direct D-Bus call to org.freedesktop.Notifications
+                var startInfo = new ProcessStartInfo
+                {
+                    FileName = "gdbus",
+                    CreateNoWindow = true,
+                    UseShellExecute = false,
+                    WindowStyle = ProcessWindowStyle.Hidden
+                };
+                startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("call");
+                startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("--session");
+                startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("--dest=org.freedesktop.Notifications");
+                startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("--object-path=/org/freedesktop/Notifications");
+                startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("--method=org.freedesktop.Notifications.Notify");
+                startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("ADOFAI Renderer"); // app_name
+                startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("0");                // replaces_id
+                startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("");                 // app_icon
+                startInfo.ArgumentList.Add(title);              // summary
+                startInfo.ArgumentList.Add(message);            // body
+                startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("[]");               // actions
+                startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("{}");               // hints
+                startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("-1");               // expire_timeout
+
+                RunProcess(startInfo);
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                MelonLogger.Warning($"[OSNotification] gdbus notification failed: {ex.Message}");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #endregion
+
+    #region Shared utility
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Starts a process fire-and-forget. Does not redirect output or wait for exit.
+    /// </summary>
+    private static void RunProcess(ProcessStartInfo startInfo)
+    {
+        using var process = new Process();
+        process.StartInfo = startInfo;
+        process.Start();
+    }
+
+    #endregion
+}

Util/OS/RegistryUtil.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+using System;
+
+namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.OS;
+
+internal static class RegistryUtil
+{
+    private static readonly Type? RegistryKeyType;
+    private static readonly Type? RegistryHiveType;
+    private static readonly Type? RegistryViewType;
+    private static readonly System.Reflection.MethodInfo? OpenBaseKeyMethod;
+    private static readonly System.Reflection.MethodInfo? OpenSubKeyMethod;
+    private static readonly System.Reflection.MethodInfo? GetSubKeyNamesMethod;
+    private static readonly System.Reflection.MethodInfo? GetValueMethod;
+
+    static RegistryUtil()
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            RegistryKeyType = Type.GetType("Microsoft.Win32.RegistryKey");
+            RegistryHiveType = Type.GetType("Microsoft.Win32.RegistryHive");
+            RegistryViewType = Type.GetType("Microsoft.Win32.RegistryView");
+
+            if (RegistryKeyType == null || RegistryHiveType == null || RegistryViewType == null)
+            {
+                var mscorlib = typeof(object).Assembly;
+                RegistryKeyType = mscorlib.GetType("Microsoft.Win32.RegistryKey");
+                RegistryHiveType = mscorlib.GetType("Microsoft.Win32.RegistryHive");
+                RegistryViewType = mscorlib.GetType("Microsoft.Win32.RegistryView");
+            }
+
+            if (RegistryKeyType != null)
+            {
+                OpenBaseKeyMethod = RegistryKeyType.GetMethod("OpenBaseKey", new[] { RegistryHiveType!, RegistryViewType! });
+                OpenSubKeyMethod = RegistryKeyType.GetMethod("OpenSubKey", new[] { typeof(string) });
+                GetSubKeyNamesMethod = RegistryKeyType.GetMethod("GetSubKeyNames");
+                GetValueMethod = RegistryKeyType.GetMethod("GetValue", new[] { typeof(string) });
+            }
+        }
+        catch
+        {
+            // ignored
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void CloseKey(object? key)
+    {
+        if (key == null || RegistryKeyType == null) return;
+        try
+        {
+            if (key is IDisposable disposable)
+            {
+                disposable.Dispose();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                var closeMethod = RegistryKeyType.GetMethod("Close");
+                closeMethod?.Invoke(key, null);
+            }
+        }
+        catch
+        {
+            // ignored
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ReSharper disable once InconsistentNaming
+    public static string[]? GetHKLMSubKeyNames(string parentKeyPath)
+    {
+        if (RegistryKeyType == null || OpenBaseKeyMethod == null || OpenSubKeyMethod == null || GetSubKeyNamesMethod == null)
+            return null;
+
+        try
+        {
+            object hiveLocalMachine = Enum.ToObject(RegistryHiveType!, 0x80000002);
+            object viewRegistry64 = Enum.ToObject(RegistryViewType!, 256);
+
+            object? baseKey = OpenBaseKeyMethod.Invoke(null, new[] { hiveLocalMachine, viewRegistry64 });
+            if (baseKey == null) return null;
+
+            object? key = OpenSubKeyMethod.Invoke(baseKey, new object[] { parentKeyPath });
+            if (key == null)
+            {
+                CloseKey(baseKey);
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            string[]? subkeyNames = GetSubKeyNamesMethod.Invoke(key, null) as string[];
+            CloseKey(key);
+            CloseKey(baseKey);
+            return subkeyNames;
+        }
+        catch
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ReSharper disable once InconsistentNaming
+    public static string? GetHKLMValue(string keyPath, string valueName)
+    {
+        if (RegistryKeyType == null || OpenBaseKeyMethod == null || OpenSubKeyMethod == null || GetValueMethod == null)
+            return null;
+
+        try
+        {
+            object hiveLocalMachine = Enum.ToObject(RegistryHiveType!, 0x80000002);
+            object viewRegistry64 = Enum.ToObject(RegistryViewType!, 256);
+
+            object? baseKey = OpenBaseKeyMethod.Invoke(null, new[] { hiveLocalMachine, viewRegistry64 });
+            if (baseKey == null) return null;
+
+            object? key = OpenSubKeyMethod.Invoke(baseKey, new object[] { keyPath });
+            if (key == null)
+            {
+                CloseKey(baseKey);
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            string? value = GetValueMethod.Invoke(key, new object[] { valueName }) as string;
+            CloseKey(key);
+            CloseKey(baseKey);
+            return value;
+        }
+        catch
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+}

Util/OSNotification.cs

@@ -1,578 +0,0 @@
-using System;
-using System.Diagnostics;
-using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
-using System.Threading;
-using MelonLoader;
-
-namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util
-{
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Sends native desktop notifications on Windows, macOS, and Linux.
-    /// <para>
-    /// - <b>Windows</b>: Uses Win32 <c>Shell_NotifyIcon</c> (system tray balloon) via P/Invoke.
-    ///   No PowerShell, no UWP, no WinRT dependencies.
-    /// </para>
-    /// <para>
-    /// - <b>macOS</b>: Uses <c>osascript</c> with AppleScript's <c>display notification</c>.
-    /// </para>
-    /// <para>
-    /// - <b>Linux</b>: Uses <c>notify-send</c> (libnotify) with <c>xdg-open</c> for folder actions.
-    /// </para>
-    /// </summary>
-    internal static class OSNotification
-    {
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Sends a native desktop notification.
-        /// If <paramref name="folderPath"/> is provided, Windows and Linux will attempt to open
-        /// the folder when the notification is clicked/dismissed.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="title">The notification title.</param>
-        /// <param name="message">The notification body text.</param>
-        /// <param name="folderPath">Optional folder path to open on click (Windows balloon click / Linux action).</param>
-        public static void Show(string title, string message, string? folderPath = null)
-        {
-            try
-            {
-                if (RuntimeInformation.IsOSPlatform(OSPlatform.Windows))
-                {
-                    WindowsNotification.Send(title, message, folderPath);
-                }
-                else if (RuntimeInformation.IsOSPlatform(OSPlatform.OSX))
-                {
-                    MacNotification.Send(title, message);
-                }
-                else if (RuntimeInformation.IsOSPlatform(OSPlatform.Linux))
-                {
-                    LinuxNotification.Send(title, message, folderPath);
-                }
-            }
-            catch (Exception ex)
-            {
-                MelonLogger.Warning($"[OSNotification] Failed to send notification: {ex.Message}");
-            }
-        }
-
-        #region Windows — Toast (primary) + Shell_NotifyIcon (fallback)
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Windows notification with two strategies:
-        /// <para>1. <b>Toast</b> via PowerShell — persists in Action Center.</para>
-        /// <para>2. <b>Shell_NotifyIcon balloon</b> via P/Invoke — fallback if toast fails.</para>
-        /// </summary>
-        private static class WindowsNotification
-        {
-            public static void Send(string title, string message, string? folderPath)
-            {
-                var thread = new Thread(() =>
-                {
-                    try
-                    {
-                        if (!TrySendToast(title, message, folderPath))
-                        {
-                            SendBalloon(title, message, folderPath);
-                        }
-                    }
-                    catch (Exception ex)
-                    {
-                        MelonLogger.Warning($"[OSNotification] Windows notification failed: {ex.Message}");
-                    }
-                })
-                {
-                    IsBackground = true,
-                    Name = "OSNotification-Win"
-                };
-                thread.Start();
-            }
-
-            #region Toast via PowerShell
-
-            /// <summary>
-            /// Attempts to show a Windows Toast notification via PowerShell.
-            /// Returns true if the process launched successfully, false otherwise.
-            /// </summary>
-            private static bool TrySendToast(string title, string message, string? folderPath)
-            {
-                try
-                {
-                    string xmlTitle = System.Security.SecurityElement.Escape(title) ?? title;
-                    string xmlMessage = System.Security.SecurityElement.Escape(message) ?? message;
-
-                    string toastXml;
-                    string psScript;
-
-                    if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(folderPath))
-                    {
-                        var escapedFolder = folderPath.Replace("'", "''");
-
-                        toastXml =
-                            "<toast launch=\"adofai-renderer://\" activationType=\"protocol\">" +
-                            "<visual><binding template=\"ToastGeneric\">" +
-                            $"<text>{xmlTitle}</text><text>{xmlMessage}</text>" +
-                            "</binding></visual>" +
-                            "<actions>" +
-                            "<action content=\"Open Render Folder\" arguments=\"adofai-renderer://\" activationType=\"protocol\"/>" +
-                            "</actions></toast>";
-
-                        psScript =
-                            "$protocolPath = 'HKCU:\\Software\\Classes\\adofai-renderer'\n" +
-                            "$null = New-Item -Path $protocolPath -Force\n" +
-                            "$null = New-ItemProperty -Path $protocolPath -Name 'URL Protocol' -Value '' -PropertyType String -Force\n" +
-                            "Set-Item -Path $protocolPath -Value 'URL:adofai-renderer Protocol' | Out-Null\n" +
-                            "$cmdPath = \"$protocolPath\\shell\\open\\command\"\n" +
-                            "$null = New-Item -Path $cmdPath -Force\n" +
-                            $"Set-Item -Path $cmdPath -Value 'explorer.exe \"{escapedFolder}\"' | Out-Null\n" +
-                            "[Windows.UI.Notifications.ToastNotificationManager, Windows.UI.Notifications, ContentType = WindowsRuntime] | Out-Null\n" +
-                            "[Windows.Data.Xml.Dom.XmlDocument, Windows.Data, ContentType = WindowsRuntime] | Out-Null\n" +
-                            "$xml = [Windows.Data.Xml.Dom.XmlDocument]::new()\n" +
-                            $"$xml.LoadXml('{toastXml}')\n" +
-                            "[Windows.UI.Notifications.ToastNotificationManager]::CreateToastNotifier('ADOFAI Renderer').Show([Windows.UI.Notifications.ToastNotification]::new($xml))";
-                    }
-                    else
-                    {
-                        toastXml =
-                            "<toast><visual><binding template=\"ToastGeneric\">" +
-                            $"<text>{xmlTitle}</text><text>{xmlMessage}</text>" +
-                            "</binding></visual></toast>";
-
-                        psScript =
-                            "[Windows.UI.Notifications.ToastNotificationManager, Windows.UI.Notifications, ContentType = WindowsRuntime] | Out-Null\n" +
-                            "[Windows.Data.Xml.Dom.XmlDocument, Windows.Data, ContentType = WindowsRuntime] | Out-Null\n" +
-                            "$xml = [Windows.Data.Xml.Dom.XmlDocument]::new()\n" +
-                            $"$xml.LoadXml('{toastXml}')\n" +
-                            "[Windows.UI.Notifications.ToastNotificationManager]::CreateToastNotifier('ADOFAI Renderer').Show([Windows.UI.Notifications.ToastNotification]::new($xml))";
-                    }
-
-                    byte[] bytes = System.Text.Encoding.Unicode.GetBytes(psScript);
-                    string base64 = Convert.ToBase64String(bytes);
-
-                    var startInfo = new ProcessStartInfo
-                    {
-                        FileName = "powershell.exe",
-                        Arguments = $"-NoProfile -NonInteractive -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -EncodedCommand {base64}",
-                        CreateNoWindow = true,
-                        UseShellExecute = false,
-                        RedirectStandardError = true,
-                        WindowStyle = ProcessWindowStyle.Hidden
-                    };
-
-                    using var process = new Process();
-                    process.StartInfo = startInfo;
-                    process.Start();
-                    process.WaitForExit(5000);
-
-                    // If PowerShell exited with error, treat as failure
-                    if (process.ExitCode != 0)
-                    {
-                        string stderr = process.StandardError.ReadToEnd().Trim();
-                        if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(stderr))
-                            MelonLogger.Warning($"[OSNotification] Toast failed (using fallback): {stderr}");
-                        return false;
-                    }
-
-                    return true;
-                }
-                catch (Exception ex)
-                {
-                    MelonLogger.Warning($"[OSNotification] Toast failed (using fallback): {ex.Message}");
-                    return false;
-                }
-            }
-
-            #endregion
-
-            #region Balloon via Shell_NotifyIcon
-
-            // ReSharper disable InconsistentNaming
-            private const int NIM_ADD = 0x00;
-            private const int NIM_DELETE = 0x02;
-
-            private const int NIF_MESSAGE = 0x01;
-            private const int NIF_ICON = 0x02;
-            private const int NIF_TIP = 0x04;
-            private const int NIF_INFO = 0x10;
-
-            private const int NIIF_INFO = 0x01;
-
-            private const int WM_USER = 0x0400;
-            private const int WM_TRAYICON = WM_USER + 1;
-            private const int NIN_BALLOONUSERCLICK = 0x0405;
-
-            private const int WS_OVERLAPPED = 0x00000000;
-            private const uint WM_CLOSE = 0x0010;
-            private const int TRAY_ICON_UID = 29471;
-            // ReSharper restore InconsistentNaming
-
-            [DllImport("shell32.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)]
-            private static extern bool Shell_NotifyIconW(int dwMessage, ref NotifyIconDataW lpData);
-
-            [DllImport("user32.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)]
-            private static extern IntPtr CreateWindowExW(
-                int dwExStyle, string lpClassName, string lpWindowName,
-                int dwStyle, int x, int y, int nWidth, int nHeight,
-                IntPtr hWndParent, IntPtr hMenu, IntPtr hInstance, IntPtr lpParam);
-
-            [DllImport("user32.dll")]
-            [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
-            private static extern bool DestroyWindow(IntPtr hWnd);
-
-            [DllImport("user32.dll")]
-            private static extern IntPtr LoadIconW(IntPtr hInstance, IntPtr lpIconName);
-
-            [DllImport("user32.dll")]
-            [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
-            private static extern bool GetMessageW(out Msg lpMsg, IntPtr hWnd, uint wMsgFilterMin, uint wMsgFilterMax);
-
-            [DllImport("user32.dll")]
-            private static extern IntPtr TranslateMessage(ref Msg lpMsg);
-
-            [DllImport("user32.dll")]
-            private static extern IntPtr DispatchMessageW(ref Msg lpMsg);
-
-            [DllImport("user32.dll")]
-            [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
-            private static extern bool PostMessageW(IntPtr hWnd, uint msg, IntPtr wParam, IntPtr lParam);
-
-            [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)]
-            private struct NotifyIconDataW
-            {
-                public int cbSize;
-                public IntPtr hWnd;
-                public int uID;
-                public int uFlags;
-                public int uCallbackMessage;
-                public IntPtr hIcon;
-                [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.ByValTStr, SizeConst = 128)]
-                public string szTip;
-                public int dwState;
-                public int dwStateMask;
-                [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.ByValTStr, SizeConst = 256)]
-                public string szInfo;
-                public int uTimeoutOrVersion;
-                [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.ByValTStr, SizeConst = 64)]
-                public string szInfoTitle;
-                public int dwInfoFlags;
-            }
-
-            [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
-            private struct Msg
-            {
-                public IntPtr hwnd;
-                public uint message;
-                public IntPtr wParam;
-                public IntPtr lParam;
-                public uint time;
-                public int pt_x;
-                public int pt_y;
-            }
-
-            private static void SendBalloon(string title, string message, string? folderPath)
-            {
-                if (title.Length > 63) title = title.Substring(0, 63);
-                if (message.Length > 255) message = message.Substring(0, 255);
-
-                IntPtr hWnd = IntPtr.Zero;
-                var nid = new NotifyIconDataW();
-
-                try
-                {
-                    var hwndMessage = new IntPtr(-3);
-                    hWnd = CreateWindowExW(
-                        0, "Static", "ADOFAIRendererNotify",
-                        WS_OVERLAPPED, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-                        hwndMessage, IntPtr.Zero, IntPtr.Zero, IntPtr.Zero);
-
-                    if (hWnd == IntPtr.Zero)
-                    {
-                        MelonLogger.Warning("[OSNotification] Cannot create message window.");
-                        return;
-                    }
-
-                    IntPtr hIcon = LoadIconW(IntPtr.Zero, (IntPtr)32512);
-
-                    nid.cbSize = Marshal.SizeOf(typeof(NotifyIconDataW));
-                    nid.hWnd = hWnd;
-                    nid.uID = TRAY_ICON_UID;
-                    nid.uFlags = NIF_MESSAGE | NIF_ICON | NIF_TIP | NIF_INFO;
-                    nid.uCallbackMessage = WM_TRAYICON;
-                    nid.hIcon = hIcon;
-                    nid.szTip = "ADOFAI Renderer";
-                    nid.szInfo = message;
-                    nid.szInfoTitle = title;
-                    nid.dwInfoFlags = NIIF_INFO;
-                    nid.uTimeoutOrVersion = 4;
-
-                    Shell_NotifyIconW(NIM_ADD, ref nid);
-
-                    if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(folderPath))
-                    {
-                        var capturedFolder = folderPath;
-                        var closeTimer = new System.Threading.Timer(_ =>
-                        {
-                            try { PostMessageW(hWnd, WM_CLOSE, IntPtr.Zero, IntPtr.Zero); }
-                            catch { /* ignored */ }
-                        }, null, 12000, Timeout.Infinite);
-
-                        try
-                        {
-                            while (GetMessageW(out var msg, IntPtr.Zero, 0, 0))
-                            {
-                                if (msg.message == WM_CLOSE)
-                                    break;
-
-                                if (msg.message == WM_TRAYICON)
-                                {
-                                    int notifyMsg = (int)(long)msg.lParam;
-                                    if (notifyMsg == NIN_BALLOONUSERCLICK)
-                                    {
-                                        try
-                                        {
-                                            var psi = new ProcessStartInfo();
-                                            psi.FileName = capturedFolder;
-                                            psi.UseShellExecute = true;
-                                            Process.Start(psi);
-                                        }
-                                        catch (Exception ex)
-                                        {
-                                            MelonLogger.Warning(
-                                                $"[OSNotification] Cannot open folder: {ex.Message}");
-                                        }
-
-                                        break;
-                                    }
-                                }
-
-                                TranslateMessage(ref msg);
-                                DispatchMessageW(ref msg);
-                            }
-                        }
-                        finally
-                        {
-                            closeTimer.Dispose();
-                        }
-                    }
-                    else
-                    {
-                        Thread.Sleep(500);
-                    }
-                }
-                catch (Exception ex)
-                {
-                    MelonLogger.Warning($"[OSNotification] Balloon notification failed: {ex.Message}");
-                }
-                finally
-                {
-                    if (hWnd != IntPtr.Zero)
-                    {
-                        nid.uFlags = 0;
-                        Shell_NotifyIconW(NIM_DELETE, ref nid);
-                        DestroyWindow(hWnd);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-
-            #endregion
-        }
-
-        #endregion
-
-        #region macOS — osascript
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// macOS notification using <c>osascript -e 'display notification ...'</c>.
-        /// </summary>
-        private static class MacNotification
-        {
-            public static void Send(string title, string message)
-            {
-                // AppleScript string escaping: backslash and double-quote
-                string escapedTitle = EscapeAppleScript(title);
-                string escapedMessage = EscapeAppleScript(message);
-
-                // Use ProcessStartInfo with ArgumentList to avoid shell-level escaping issues.
-                // Each argument is passed directly to the process without shell interpretation.
-                var script =
-                    $"display notification \"{escapedMessage}\" with title \"{escapedTitle}\"";
-
-                var startInfo = new ProcessStartInfo
-                {
-                    FileName = "osascript",
-                    CreateNoWindow = true,
-                    UseShellExecute = false,
-                    WindowStyle = ProcessWindowStyle.Hidden
-                };
-                startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("-e");
-                startInfo.ArgumentList.Add(script);
-
-                RunProcess(startInfo);
-            }
-
-            private static string EscapeAppleScript(string value)
-            {
-                // In AppleScript string literals, escape backslash and double-quote
-                return value
-                    .Replace("\\", "\\\\")
-                    .Replace("\"", "\\\"");
-            }
-        }
-
-        #endregion
-
-        #region Linux — notify-send / gdbus
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Linux notification using <c>notify-send</c> (libnotify CLI).
-        /// Falls back to <c>gdbus</c> (D-Bus direct call) if notify-send is unavailable.
-        /// </summary>
-        private static class LinuxNotification
-        {
-            public static void Send(string title, string message, string? folderPath)
-            {
-                if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(folderPath))
-                {
-                    ShowWithAction(title, message, folderPath);
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    ShowSimple(title, message);
-                }
-            }
-
-            private static void ShowSimple(string title, string message)
-            {
-                // Try notify-send first
-                if (TryNotifySend(title, message))
-                    return;
-
-                // Fallback to gdbus
-                TryGdbus(title, message);
-            }
-
-            private static void ShowWithAction(string title, string message, string folderPath)
-            {
-                // Run on a background thread because notify-send with --action blocks
-                // until the notification is dismissed or the action is clicked.
-                System.Threading.Tasks.Task.Run(() =>
-                {
-                    try
-                    {
-                        var startInfo = new ProcessStartInfo
-                        {
-                            FileName = "notify-send",
-                            CreateNoWindow = true,
-                            UseShellExecute = false,
-                            RedirectStandardOutput = true,
-                            WindowStyle = ProcessWindowStyle.Hidden
-                        };
-                        startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("-a");
-                        startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("ADOFAI Renderer");
-                        startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("--action=open_folder=Open Render Folder");
-                        startInfo.ArgumentList.Add(title);
-                        startInfo.ArgumentList.Add(message);
-
-                        using var process = new Process();
-                        process.StartInfo = startInfo;
-                        process.Start();
-                        string output = process.StandardOutput.ReadToEnd().Trim();
-                        process.WaitForExit();
-
-                        if (output == "open_folder")
-                        {
-                            var openInfo = new ProcessStartInfo
-                            {
-                                FileName = "xdg-open",
-                                CreateNoWindow = true,
-                                UseShellExecute = false,
-                                WindowStyle = ProcessWindowStyle.Hidden
-                            };
-                            openInfo.ArgumentList.Add(folderPath);
-
-                            RunProcess(openInfo);
-                        }
-                    }
-                    catch (Exception ex)
-                    {
-                        MelonLogger.Warning($"[OSNotification] Linux notification processing failed: {ex.Message}");
-
-                        // Fallback: show without action
-                        ShowSimple(title, message);
-                    }
-                });
-            }
-
-            private static bool TryNotifySend(string title, string message)
-            {
-                try
-                {
-                    var startInfo = new ProcessStartInfo
-                    {
-                        FileName = "notify-send",
-                        CreateNoWindow = true,
-                        UseShellExecute = false,
-                        WindowStyle = ProcessWindowStyle.Hidden
-                    };
-                    startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("-a");
-                    startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("ADOFAI Renderer");
-                    startInfo.ArgumentList.Add(title);
-                    startInfo.ArgumentList.Add(message);
-
-                    RunProcess(startInfo);
-                    return true;
-                }
-                catch
-                {
-                    return false;
-                }
-            }
-
-            private static void TryGdbus(string title, string message)
-            {
-                try
-                {
-                    // Direct D-Bus call to org.freedesktop.Notifications
-                    var startInfo = new ProcessStartInfo
-                    {
-                        FileName = "gdbus",
-                        CreateNoWindow = true,
-                        UseShellExecute = false,
-                        WindowStyle = ProcessWindowStyle.Hidden
-                    };
-                    startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("call");
-                    startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("--session");
-                    startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("--dest=org.freedesktop.Notifications");
-                    startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("--object-path=/org/freedesktop/Notifications");
-                    startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("--method=org.freedesktop.Notifications.Notify");
-                    startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("ADOFAI Renderer"); // app_name
-                    startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("0");                // replaces_id
-                    startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("");                 // app_icon
-                    startInfo.ArgumentList.Add(title);              // summary
-                    startInfo.ArgumentList.Add(message);            // body
-                    startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("[]");               // actions
-                    startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("{}");               // hints
-                    startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("-1");               // expire_timeout
-
-                    RunProcess(startInfo);
-                }
-                catch (Exception ex)
-                {
-                    MelonLogger.Warning($"[OSNotification] gdbus notification failed: {ex.Message}");
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        #endregion
-
-        #region Shared utility
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Starts a process fire-and-forget. Does not redirect output or wait for exit.
-        /// </summary>
-        private static void RunProcess(ProcessStartInfo startInfo)
-        {
-            using var process = new Process();
-            process.StartInfo = startInfo;
-            process.Start();
-        }
-
-        #endregion
-    }
-}

Util/RegistryUtil.cs

@@ -1,130 +0,0 @@
-using System;
-
-namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util
-{
-    internal static class RegistryUtil
-    {
-        private static readonly Type? RegistryKeyType;
-        private static readonly Type? RegistryHiveType;
-        private static readonly Type? RegistryViewType;
-        private static readonly System.Reflection.MethodInfo? OpenBaseKeyMethod;
-        private static readonly System.Reflection.MethodInfo? OpenSubKeyMethod;
-        private static readonly System.Reflection.MethodInfo? GetSubKeyNamesMethod;
-        private static readonly System.Reflection.MethodInfo? GetValueMethod;
-
-        static RegistryUtil()
-        {
-            try
-            {
-                RegistryKeyType = Type.GetType("Microsoft.Win32.RegistryKey");
-                RegistryHiveType = Type.GetType("Microsoft.Win32.RegistryHive");
-                RegistryViewType = Type.GetType("Microsoft.Win32.RegistryView");
-
-                if (RegistryKeyType == null || RegistryHiveType == null || RegistryViewType == null)
-                {
-                    var mscorlib = typeof(object).Assembly;
-                    RegistryKeyType = mscorlib.GetType("Microsoft.Win32.RegistryKey");
-                    RegistryHiveType = mscorlib.GetType("Microsoft.Win32.RegistryHive");
-                    RegistryViewType = mscorlib.GetType("Microsoft.Win32.RegistryView");
-                }
-
-                if (RegistryKeyType != null)
-                {
-                    OpenBaseKeyMethod = RegistryKeyType.GetMethod("OpenBaseKey", new[] { RegistryHiveType!, RegistryViewType! });
-                    OpenSubKeyMethod = RegistryKeyType.GetMethod("OpenSubKey", new[] { typeof(string) });
-                    GetSubKeyNamesMethod = RegistryKeyType.GetMethod("GetSubKeyNames");
-                    GetValueMethod = RegistryKeyType.GetMethod("GetValue", new[] { typeof(string) });
-                }
-            }
-            catch
-            {
-                // ignored
-            }
-        }
-
-        private static void CloseKey(object? key)
-        {
-            if (key == null || RegistryKeyType == null) return;
-            try
-            {
-                if (key is IDisposable disposable)
-                {
-                    disposable.Dispose();
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    var closeMethod = RegistryKeyType.GetMethod("Close");
-                    closeMethod?.Invoke(key, null);
-                }
-            }
-            catch
-            {
-                // ignored
-            }
-        }
-
-        // ReSharper disable once InconsistentNaming
-        public static string[]? GetHKLMSubKeyNames(string parentKeyPath)
-        {
-            if (RegistryKeyType == null || OpenBaseKeyMethod == null || OpenSubKeyMethod == null || GetSubKeyNamesMethod == null)
-                return null;
-
-            try
-            {
-                object hiveLocalMachine = Enum.ToObject(RegistryHiveType!, 0x80000002);
-                object viewRegistry64 = Enum.ToObject(RegistryViewType!, 256);
-
-                object? baseKey = OpenBaseKeyMethod.Invoke(null, new[] { hiveLocalMachine, viewRegistry64 });
-                if (baseKey == null) return null;
-
-                object? key = OpenSubKeyMethod.Invoke(baseKey, new object[] { parentKeyPath });
-                if (key == null)
-                {
-                    CloseKey(baseKey);
-                    return null;
-                }
-
-                string[]? subkeyNames = GetSubKeyNamesMethod.Invoke(key, null) as string[];
-                CloseKey(key);
-                CloseKey(baseKey);
-                return subkeyNames;
-            }
-            catch
-            {
-                return null;
-            }
-        }
-
-        // ReSharper disable once InconsistentNaming
-        public static string? GetHKLMValue(string keyPath, string valueName)
-        {
-            if (RegistryKeyType == null || OpenBaseKeyMethod == null || OpenSubKeyMethod == null || GetValueMethod == null)
-                return null;
-
-            try
-            {
-                object hiveLocalMachine = Enum.ToObject(RegistryHiveType!, 0x80000002);
-                object viewRegistry64 = Enum.ToObject(RegistryViewType!, 256);
-
-                object? baseKey = OpenBaseKeyMethod.Invoke(null, new[] { hiveLocalMachine, viewRegistry64 });
-                if (baseKey == null) return null;
-
-                object? key = OpenSubKeyMethod.Invoke(baseKey, new object[] { keyPath });
-                if (key == null)
-                {
-                    CloseKey(baseKey);
-                    return null;
-                }
-
-                string? value = GetValueMethod.Invoke(key, new object[] { valueName }) as string;
-                CloseKey(key);
-                CloseKey(baseKey);
-                return value;
-            }
-            catch
-            {
-                return null;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}

Util/VideoBGPlayer.cs

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ internal class VideoBGPlayer : MonoBehaviour
     private static readonly int UTex = Shader.PropertyToID("_UTex");
     private static readonly int VTex = Shader.PropertyToID("_VTex");
     private static readonly int ColorRange = Shader.PropertyToID("ColorRange");
+    private static readonly int ColorMatrix = Shader.PropertyToID("ColorMatrix");
 
     [SuppressMessage("ReSharper", "InconsistentNaming")]
     private enum GPUMode
@@ -189,6 +190,14 @@ internal class VideoBGPlayer : MonoBehaviour
         var vidOffset = scrVfxPlus.instance ? scrVfxPlus.instance.vidOffset : 0.0;
         var targetVideoTime = songTime + vidOffset;
 
+        // When looping is enabled, the playback position is the elapsed time wrapped into [0, Duration).
+        // When it is disabled, the position keeps increasing and the last frame stays on screen after the end.
+        var videoDuration = _decoder.Duration;
+        if (_isLooping && targetVideoTime >= 0 && videoDuration > 0)
+        {
+            targetVideoTime %= videoDuration;
+        }
+
         if (targetVideoTime < 0)
         {
             if (_targetTexture)
@@ -307,6 +316,7 @@ internal class VideoBGPlayer : MonoBehaviour
             _computeShader.SetInt(Width, w);
             _computeShader.SetInt(Height, h);
             _computeShader.SetInt(ColorRange, _decoder.ColorRange == AVColorRange.AVCOL_RANGE_JPEG ? 1 : 0);
+            _computeShader.SetInt(ColorMatrix, _decoder.ColorMatrix);
 
             int threadGroupsX = (w + 7) / 8;
             int threadGroupsY = (h + 7) / 8;
@@ -341,6 +351,7 @@ internal class VideoBGPlayer : MonoBehaviour
             _computeShader.SetInt(Width, w);
             _computeShader.SetInt(Height, h);
             _computeShader.SetInt(ColorRange, _decoder.ColorRange == AVColorRange.AVCOL_RANGE_JPEG ? 1 : 0);
+            _computeShader.SetInt(ColorMatrix, _decoder.ColorMatrix);
 
             int threadGroupsX = (w + 7) / 8;
             int threadGroupsY = (h + 7) / 8;