Upgrade Version

.gitignore

@@ -32,9 +32,11 @@ Thumbs.db
 desktop.ini
 
 ## Agent Metadata
-.antigravitycli/
-.agent/
-GEMINI.md
+/.antigravitycli/
+/.agent/
+/GEMINI.md
+/.mcp.json
+/CLAUDE.md
 
 # Decompiled Game Code
 *.cs.txt
@@ -43,3 +45,7 @@ GEMINI.md
 /AsyncInputAutoplayFix.md
 /AudioMixerExplanation.md
 /O5Theme.md
+
+# Developer Utility Files
+/REVIEW_CHECKLIST.md
+/REVIEW_FFMPEG.md

Core/RenderManager.cs

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ using ADOFAIRenderer.UI.Window;
 using ADOFAIRenderer.Util;
 using ADOFAIRenderer.Util.Audio;
 using ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg;
+using ADOFAIRenderer.Util.OS;
 using FFmpeg.AutoGen;
 using HarmonyLib;
 using MelonLoader;
@@ -91,7 +92,50 @@ internal class RenderManager : MonoBehaviour
     public long frameCount;
     public bool skipPressToStart;
     public string levelPath = "";
-    public bool IsRenderCancelled { get; private set; }
+    private readonly object _abortStateLock = new();
+    private volatile bool _isRenderCancelled;
+    private volatile bool _renderFailed;
+    private volatile string? _failureReason;
+
+    // ReSharper disable once MemberCanBePrivate.Global
+    public bool IsRenderCancelled => _isRenderCancelled;
+    public bool IsRenderFailed => _renderFailed;
+    
+    // Cancelled and failed are mutually exclusive; this is true for either (render must stop).
+    public bool IsRenderAborted => _isRenderCancelled || _renderFailed;
+
+    private void MarkCancelled()
+    {
+        lock (_abortStateLock)
+        {
+            if (!_renderFailed) _isRenderCancelled = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // The first failure reason wins; ignored once the render is already cancelled or failed.
+    private void MarkFailed(string reason)
+    {
+        lock (_abortStateLock)
+        {
+            if (_isRenderCancelled || _renderFailed) return;
+            _failureReason = reason;
+            _renderFailed = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void ClearAbortState()
+    {
+        lock (_abortStateLock)
+        {
+            _isRenderCancelled = false;
+            _renderFailed = false;
+            _failureReason = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private string BuildAbortMessage() => IsRenderFailed
+        ? $"Rendering failed: {_failureReason ?? "unknown error"}"
+        : "Rendering was cancelled by user.";
     public RenderConfig Configuration = null!;
 
     // Render Sessions State (OOP Instance Fields)
@@ -102,7 +146,7 @@ internal class RenderManager : MonoBehaviour
     public int frameCountBase;
         
     public OfflineAudioMixer? AudioMixer { get; private set; }
-    private AudioSyncCalculator SyncCalculator { get; set; } = null!;
+    private AudioSyncCalculator? SyncCalculator { get; set; }
 
     private FrameReader? _frameReader;
     private FrameHookPipeline? _frameHookPipeline;
@@ -151,6 +195,7 @@ internal class RenderManager : MonoBehaviour
 
     public long frameCountForVideo;
     public long lastVideoFrameIndex = -1;
+    // long cannot be volatile: access via Volatile.Read/Write (written on main thread, read on render thread)
     public long lastRequestedVideoFrameIndex = -1;
     public int readbackFailureCount;
     public int throttleCount;
@@ -170,8 +215,8 @@ internal class RenderManager : MonoBehaviour
     internal AutoResetEvent FrameAvailableEvent = new(false);
     public Thread? RenderThread;
     public long passCount;
-    public bool endRequested;
-    public bool endSuccessful;
+    public volatile bool endRequested;
+    public volatile bool endSuccessful;
     public long endFrame = -1;
 
     // Private Instance Fields
@@ -181,6 +226,11 @@ internal class RenderManager : MonoBehaviour
     private GameObject? _debugMonitorObj;
     private GameObject? _escapeHandlerObj;
     internal string? CurrentOutPath;
+
+    // Output file of the current render that is not finished yet.
+    // Set just before the encoder opens the file, cleared by the render thread after the encoder finished the file (End).
+    // Only this file is deleted when a render is cancelled, fails or the game exits (DeleteIncompleteOutputFile).
+    private string? _incompleteOutputPath;
     private bool _renderSetup;
 
     private void Awake()
@@ -195,12 +245,15 @@ internal class RenderManager : MonoBehaviour
 
     public void ResetRenderState(bool success)
     {
-        IsRenderCancelled = !success;
+        if (success) _isRenderCancelled = false;
+        else MarkCancelled();
         stage = RenderStage.None;
     }
 
     public void CleanUpActiveRender()
     {
+        if (stage != RenderStage.None)
+            MarkFailed("the game exited or RenderManager was destroyed during rendering.");
         ResetRenderState(success: false);
             
         AudioSpectrumGenerator.Clear();
@@ -238,6 +291,32 @@ internal class RenderManager : MonoBehaviour
         {
             RenderThread.Join(200);
         }
+
+        // The encoders are disposed above, which closes the output file. An unfinished file of this render is deleted.
+        DeleteIncompleteOutputFile();
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Deletes the output file of the current render when the render did not finish it (_incompleteOutputPath).
+    /// Files of earlier, finished renders are never deleted.
+    /// Returns true when a file was deleted.
+    /// </summary>
+    private bool DeleteIncompleteOutputFile()
+    {
+        var path = Interlocked.Exchange(ref _incompleteOutputPath, null);
+        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(path) || !File.Exists(path)) return false;
+
+        try
+        {
+            File.Delete(path);
+            Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Msg($"[File Cleanup] Deleted incomplete video: {path}");
+            return true;
+        }
+        catch (Exception ex)
+        {
+            Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Error($"[File Cleanup] Failed to delete incomplete video: {ex.Message}");
+            return false;
+        }
     }
 
     private void Update()
@@ -283,8 +362,15 @@ internal class RenderManager : MonoBehaviour
         }
 
         if (Instance.stage < RenderStage.OnScene) return;
+        if (stage >= RenderStage.Render && RenderThread is not { IsAlive: true })
+        {
+            MarkFailed("the render thread terminated unexpectedly.");
+            CancelRender();
+            return;
+        }
         if (!scrController.instance || scrController.instance.state == States.Fail || scrController.instance.state == States.Fail2)
         {
+            MarkFailed("the level failed or the game controller was lost during rendering.");
             ResetRenderState(success: false);
             StopFFmpeg(false);
             EndRender();
@@ -333,6 +419,12 @@ internal class RenderManager : MonoBehaviour
         
         while (Instance.stage >= RenderStage.Render)
         {
+            if (RenderThread is not { IsAlive: true })
+            {
+                isThrottling = false;
+                return;
+            }
+
             int count;
             lock (ImageQueue)
             {
@@ -362,7 +454,7 @@ internal class RenderManager : MonoBehaviour
         if (videoFrameIndex > lastVideoFrameIndex)
         {
             lastVideoFrameIndex = videoFrameIndex;
-            lastRequestedVideoFrameIndex = videoFrameIndex;
+            Volatile.Write(ref lastRequestedVideoFrameIndex, videoFrameIndex);
 
             var targetTexture = texture;
             if (HasActiveFrameHooks && _frameHookPipeline != null)
@@ -403,7 +495,6 @@ internal class RenderManager : MonoBehaviour
 
             Application.wantsToQuit -= quitDelegate;
             RenderConfigWindow.CreateWindow();
-            // ADOBase.loader.LoadSceneWithTransition(WipeDirection.StartsFromRight, "Assets/Scenes/RenderSettingsScene.unity");
         });
     }
 
@@ -440,6 +531,9 @@ internal class RenderManager : MonoBehaviour
             yield return new WaitForSecondsRealtime(1);
         }
 
+        // Cancelled or failed during the countdown: do not start the encoder
+        if (stage != RenderStage.OnScene) yield break;
+
         frameCount = 0; framesSent = 0;
         _renderStopwatch.Restart();
             
@@ -462,13 +556,20 @@ internal class RenderManager : MonoBehaviour
         catch (Exception ex)
         {
             Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Error($"Encoder initialization error: {ex}");
-            ResetFrameHookState();
+
+            // Release the encoder/thread and restore time, input offset, stage and hooks before showing the dialog
+            MarkFailed($"failed to initialize the video encoder: {ex.Message}");
+            ResetRenderState(success: false);
+            StopFFmpeg(false);
+            RestoreRenderEnvironment();
+
             CommonWarningDialogUI.ShowDialog(
                 "Encoder Error",
                 $"Failed to initialize video encoder.\nError: {ex.Message}",
                 new DialogButton("OK", () =>
                 {
                     ADOBase.loader.LoadSceneWithTransition(WipeDirection.StartsFromRight, "scnEditor");
+                    Cursor.visible = true;
                 })
             );
             yield break;
@@ -511,10 +612,10 @@ internal class RenderManager : MonoBehaviour
             ImageQueue.Clear();
         }
         passCount = 0;
-        IsRenderCancelled = false;
+        ClearAbortState();
         frameCountForVideo = 0;
         lastVideoFrameIndex = -1;
-        lastRequestedVideoFrameIndex = -1;
+        Volatile.Write(ref lastRequestedVideoFrameIndex, -1);
         endRequested = false;
         endSuccessful = false;
         FrameAvailableEvent.Reset();
@@ -564,6 +665,7 @@ internal class RenderManager : MonoBehaviour
             {
                 _allVideoFFmpegInstances.Add(videoFFmpeg);
             }
+            Volatile.Write(ref _incompleteOutputPath, CurrentOutPath);
             videoFFmpeg.Start(CurrentOutPath);
         }
         catch (Exception)
@@ -632,14 +734,14 @@ internal class RenderManager : MonoBehaviour
                             }
                         }
 
-                        if (Configuration.AudioConfig.RenderAudio)
+                        if (Configuration.AudioConfig.RenderAudio && SyncCalculator is { } syncCalculator)
                         {
                             var frameIdx = (int)(passCount - 1);
                             var effectiveVideoFps = Math.Min(Configuration.VideoFPS, Configuration.RenderFPS);
                             var frameTime = frameIdx / effectiveVideoFps;
                                 
                             var channels = Configuration.AudioConfig.AudioChannels;
-                            var samplesNeeded = SyncCalculator.GetNextFrameSamples();
+                            var samplesNeeded = syncCalculator.GetNextFrameSamples();
 
                             var audioBuffer = ArrayPool<float>.Shared.Rent(samplesNeeded * channels);
                             try
@@ -655,17 +757,23 @@ internal class RenderManager : MonoBehaviour
                         continue;
                     }
 
-                    if (IsRenderCancelled) break;
+                    if (IsRenderAborted) break;
 
                     if (endRequested)
                     {
-                        if (passCount > lastRequestedVideoFrameIndex) break;
+                        if (passCount > Volatile.Read(ref lastRequestedVideoFrameIndex)) break;
                     }
 
                     FrameAvailableEvent.WaitOne(50);
                 }
 
-                if (!IsRenderCancelled) videoFFmpeg.End();
+                if (!IsRenderAborted)
+                {
+                    // End throws when the file cannot be finished (e.g. the trailer cannot be written),
+                    // which is handled as a render failure by the catch block below.
+                    videoFFmpeg.End();
+                    Volatile.Write(ref _incompleteOutputPath, null);
+                }
                 videoFFmpeg.Dispose();
 
                 lock (_allVideoFFmpegInstances)
@@ -674,12 +782,22 @@ internal class RenderManager : MonoBehaviour
                 }
 
                 _activeVideoFFmpeg = null;
-                endSuccessful = !IsRenderCancelled;
+                endSuccessful = !IsRenderAborted;
             }
             catch (Exception ex)
             {
                 Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Error($"FFmpeg rendering thread error: {ex}");
+
+                MarkFailed("encoder thread error. See the log for details.");
+                try
+                {
                     videoFFmpeg.Dispose();
+                }
+                catch (Exception disposeEx)
+                {
+                    Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Error($"Encoder dispose after thread error also failed: {disposeEx.Message}");
+                }
+
                 lock (_allVideoFFmpegInstances)
                 {
                     _allVideoFFmpegInstances.Remove(videoFFmpeg);
@@ -708,7 +826,7 @@ internal class RenderManager : MonoBehaviour
         endRequested = true;
         if (!success)
         {
-            IsRenderCancelled = true;
+            MarkCancelled();
         }
         FrameAvailableEvent.Set();
         skipPressToStart = false;
@@ -722,7 +840,8 @@ internal class RenderManager : MonoBehaviour
         if (success) StartCoroutine(StopRenderCoroutine());
         else
         {
-            Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Error("Rendering failed or was cancelled. Safely cleaning up state and resources.");
+            var reason = IsRenderFailed ? $"FAILED ({_failureReason})" : "CANCELLED";
+            Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Error($"Rendering {reason}. Safely cleaning up state and resources.");
 
             // 1. Wait for render background thread to finish processing remaining queued frames and terminate
             if (RenderThread is { IsAlive: true })
@@ -781,30 +900,26 @@ internal class RenderManager : MonoBehaviour
                 scrController.instance.noFailInfiniteMargin = false;
             }
 
-            // 6. Immediately delete cancelled incomplete temporary video file
-            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(CurrentOutPath) && File.Exists(CurrentOutPath))
+            // 6. Immediately delete the incomplete video file of this render
+            if (DeleteIncompleteOutputFile())
             {
-                try
-                {
-                    File.Delete(CurrentOutPath);
-                    Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Msg($"[File Cleanup] Deleted incomplete video: {CurrentOutPath}");
-                }
-                catch (Exception ex)
-                {
-                    Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Error($"[File Cleanup] Failed to delete temporary video: {ex.Message}");
-                }
                 CurrentOutPath = null;
             }
 
-            var result = BuildResult(false,
-                IsRenderCancelled ? "Rendering was cancelled by user." : "Rendering failed.");
+            var result = BuildResult(false, BuildAbortMessage());
             TriggerOnComplete(result);
         }
     }
 
     private IEnumerator StopRenderCoroutine()
     {
-        yield return new WaitUntil(() => endSuccessful);
+        yield return new WaitUntil(() => endSuccessful || RenderThread is not { IsAlive: true });
+        if (!endSuccessful)
+        {
+            MarkFailed("the render thread terminated unexpectedly.");
+            CancelRender();
+            yield break;
+        }
 
         var result = BuildResult(success: true);
         TriggerOnComplete(result);
@@ -813,6 +928,15 @@ internal class RenderManager : MonoBehaviour
     }
 
     private void EndRender()
+    {
+        RestoreRenderEnvironment();
+
+        ADOBase.loader.LoadSceneWithTransition(WipeDirection.StartsFromRight, "scnEditor");
+        Cursor.visible = true;
+    }
+
+    // Undoes what the render setup changed (time, input offset, auto, queues, session hooks), without leaving the scene.
+    private void RestoreRenderEnvironment()
     {
         Time.timeScale = 1f;
         Time.captureDeltaTime = 0f;
@@ -847,12 +971,11 @@ internal class RenderManager : MonoBehaviour
         _frameReader?.Dispose();
         ResetFrameHookState();
         AudioMixer?.Reset(); AudioMixer = null;
-        SyncCalculator.Reset();
+        SyncCalculator = null;
         
+        AudioSpectrumGenerator.Clear();
         RenderContext.Reset();
             
-        ADOBase.loader.LoadSceneWithTransition(WipeDirection.StartsFromRight, "scnEditor");
-        Cursor.visible = true;
     }
 
     private RenderResult BuildResult(bool success, string? errorMessage = null)

Localization/Locale/en.json

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
   "ui.render_config.preset_name_placeholder": "New preset name...",
   "ui.render_config.preset_save": "Save",
   "ui.render_config.preset_delete": "Delete",
+  "ui.render_config.preset_delete_confirm": "Confirm?",
   "ui.render_config.preset_overwrite_title": "Overwrite Preset",
   "ui.render_config.preset_overwrite_desc": "A preset named '{0}' already exists. Do you want to overwrite it?",
   "ui.render_config.preset_delete_title": "Delete Preset",

Localization/Locale/ko.json

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
   "ui.render_config.preset_name_placeholder": "새 프리셋 이름...",
   "ui.render_config.preset_save": "저장",
   "ui.render_config.preset_delete": "삭제",
+  "ui.render_config.preset_delete_confirm": "삭제 확인",
   "ui.render_config.preset_overwrite_title": "프리셋 덮어쓰기",
   "ui.render_config.preset_overwrite_desc": "'{0}' 프리셋이 이미 존재합니다. 덮어쓰시겠습니까?",
   "ui.render_config.preset_delete_title": "프리셋 삭제",
@@ -23,7 +24,7 @@
   "ui.render_config.audio_encoding": "오디오 인코딩 설정",
   "ui.render_config.global_settings": "전역 설정",
   "ui.render_config.advanced_settings": "고급 설정",
-  "ui.render_config.go_render": "렌더 시작",
+  "ui.render_config.go_render": "렌더링하러 가다",
   "ui.render_config.codec": "코덱",
   "ui.render_config.rate_control": "비트레이트 제어 모드",
   "ui.render_config.bitrate": "비트레이트 (kbps)",

RenderMod.cs

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ using MelonLoader.Utils;
 using UnityEngine;
 using Object = UnityEngine.Object;
 
-[assembly: MelonInfo(typeof(RenderMod), "ADOFAI Renderer", "0.2.4-INDEV", "ADOFAI Editor Forum")]
+[assembly: MelonInfo(typeof(RenderMod), "ADOFAI Renderer", "0.2.8-INDEV", "ADOFAI Editor Forum")]
 [assembly: MelonGame("7th Beat Games", "A Dance of Fire and Ice")]
 
 namespace ADOFAIRenderer;

UI/CommonWarningDialogUI.cs

@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
+using MelonLoader;
+using O5Kit.Core;
+using O5Kit.Factory;
 using TMPro;
 using UnityEngine;
 using UnityEngine.UI;
 using UnityEngine.UIElements;
-using Button = UnityEngine.UI.Button;
 using Image = UnityEngine.UI.Image;
 
 namespace ADOFAIRenderer.UI;
@@ -29,6 +31,7 @@ internal class CommonWarningDialogUI : MonoBehaviour
 {
     public static CommonWarningDialogUI? Instance { get; private set; }
     private readonly List<VisualElement> _disabledElements = new();
+    private O5Window? _window;
 
     private void Awake()
     {
@@ -37,6 +40,9 @@ internal class CommonWarningDialogUI : MonoBehaviour
 
     private void OnDestroy()
     {
+        _window?.Dispose();
+        _window = null;
+
         foreach (var elem in _disabledElements)
         {
             if (elem != null)
@@ -87,9 +93,8 @@ internal class CommonWarningDialogUI : MonoBehaviour
         // Canvas setup
         var canvas = gameObject.AddComponent<Canvas>();
         canvas.renderMode = RenderMode.ScreenSpaceOverlay;
-        canvas.sortingOrder = 32766; // Just below FFmpegDownloadUI (32767)
+        canvas.sortingOrder = 32766;
 
-        // Responsive Canvas Scaler setup
         var scaler = gameObject.AddComponent<CanvasScaler>();
         scaler.uiScaleMode = CanvasScaler.ScaleMode.ScaleWithScreenSize;
         scaler.referenceResolution = new Vector2(1920, 1080);
@@ -98,13 +103,15 @@ internal class CommonWarningDialogUI : MonoBehaviour
 
         gameObject.AddComponent<GraphicRaycaster>();
 
-        // 1. Create full screen overlay background
-        var bgPanelObj = new GameObject("BackgroundPanel");
+        var ctx = RendererUIManager.Context;
+
+        // 1. Create full screen backdrop (scrim) to block background input
+        var bgPanelObj = new GameObject("Backdrop");
         bgPanelObj.transform.SetParent(transform, false);
         bgPanelObj.layer = 5;
 
         var bgImage = bgPanelObj.AddComponent<Image>();
-        bgImage.color = new Color(0f, 0f, 0f, 0.65f); // Dark transparent overlay
+        bgImage.color = new Color(0f, 0f, 0f, 0.65f);
         bgImage.raycastTarget = true;
 
         var bgRect = bgPanelObj.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
@@ -113,112 +120,66 @@ internal class CommonWarningDialogUI : MonoBehaviour
         bgRect.offsetMin = Vector2.zero;
         bgRect.offsetMax = Vector2.zero;
 
-        var font = ModAssets.NanumSquareNeoNormal;
+        // 2. Create actual native O5Window
+        _window = O5Window.Create(ctx, bgPanelObj.transform, new O5WindowOptions
+        {
+            Id = "RendererMod_WarningDialog",
+            Title = title,
+            Size = new Vector2(540, 240),
+            Draggable = true,
+            Resizable = false,
+            ShowCloseButton = false,
+            ShowOutline = true,
+            Padding = new RectOffset(16, 16, 16, 16)
+        });
 
-        // 2. Create modal container
-        var modalContainerObj = new GameObject("ModalContainer");
-        modalContainerObj.transform.SetParent(bgPanelObj.transform, false);
-        modalContainerObj.layer = 5;
+        // 3. Build content inside window.Content
+        var content = _window.Content;
 
-        var modalImage = modalContainerObj.AddComponent<Image>();
-        modalImage.color = new Color(0.08f, 0.08f, 0.1f, 0.88f); // Matching background tone of existing UI
+        var vLayout = content.gameObject.AddComponent<VerticalLayoutGroup>();
+        vLayout.spacing = 16f;
+        vLayout.padding = new RectOffset(16, 16, 12, 12);
+        vLayout.childControlWidth = true;
+        vLayout.childControlHeight = true;
+        vLayout.childForceExpandWidth = true;
+        vLayout.childForceExpandHeight = false;
 
-        var modalOutline = modalContainerObj.AddComponent<Outline>();
-        modalOutline.effectColor = Color.white;
-        modalOutline.effectDistance = new Vector2(3.0f, -3.0f); // Consistent with existing UI outline style
-            
-        var modalRect = modalContainerObj.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
-        modalRect.anchorMin = new Vector2(0.5f, 0.5f);
-        modalRect.anchorMax = new Vector2(0.5f, 0.5f);
-        modalRect.pivot = new Vector2(0.5f, 0.5f);
-        modalRect.sizeDelta = new Vector2(650, 360);
-            
-        // 3. Create title text
-        var titleObj = new GameObject("TitleText");
-        titleObj.transform.SetParent(modalContainerObj.transform, false);
-        titleObj.layer = 5;
-            
-        var titleText = titleObj.AddComponent<TextMeshProUGUI>();
-        titleText.text = title;
-        titleText.fontSize = 24;
-        titleText.font = font;
-        titleText.color = new Color(1.0f, 0.8f, 0.2f, 1.0f); // Orange/yellow tone matching warning theme
-        titleText.alignment = TextAlignmentOptions.Center;
-            
-        var titleRect = titleObj.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
-        titleRect.anchorMin = new Vector2(0, 1);
-        titleRect.anchorMax = new Vector2(1, 1);
-        titleRect.pivot = new Vector2(0.5f, 1);
-        titleRect.anchoredPosition = new Vector2(0, -35);
-        titleRect.sizeDelta = new Vector2(0, 40);
-            
-        // 4. Create description text
-        var descObj = new GameObject("DescriptionText");
-        descObj.transform.SetParent(modalContainerObj.transform, false);
-        descObj.layer = 5;
-            
-        var descText = descObj.AddComponent<TextMeshProUGUI>();
+        // Description text
+        var descText = O5Factory.ControlText(ctx, content, 18f, noPad: true);
         descText.text = description;
-        descText.fontSize = 20;
-        descText.font = font;
-        descText.color = new Color(0.85f, 0.85f, 0.85f, 1f);
         descText.alignment = TextAlignmentOptions.Center;
-        descText.lineSpacing = 8;
+        descText.textWrappingMode = TextWrappingModes.Normal;
+        descText.lineSpacing = 6;
+        descText.color = new Color(0.88f, 0.88f, 0.88f, 1f);
 
-        var descRect = descObj.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
-        descRect.anchorMin = new Vector2(0, 0.5f);
-        descRect.anchorMax = new Vector2(1, 1);
-        descRect.pivot = new Vector2(0.5f, 0.5f);
-        descRect.anchoredPosition = new Vector2(0, -65);
-        descRect.sizeDelta = new Vector2(-40, 120);
+        // ReSharper disable once InconsistentNaming
+        var descLE = descText.gameObject.AddComponent<LayoutElement>();
+        descLE.flexibleWidth = 1f;
+        descLE.flexibleHeight = 1f;
 
-        // 5. Create button container
-        var buttonContainerObj = new GameObject("ButtonContainer", typeof(RectTransform));
-        buttonContainerObj.transform.SetParent(modalContainerObj.transform, false);
-        buttonContainerObj.layer = 5;
+        // Button action row
+        var btnRowObj = new GameObject("ButtonRow");
+        btnRowObj.transform.SetParent(content, false);
+        var btnRowRect = btnRowObj.AddComponent<RectTransform>();
+        var btnRowLE = btnRowObj.AddComponent<LayoutElement>();
+        btnRowLE.preferredHeight = 40f;
+        btnRowLE.flexibleWidth = 1f;
 
-        var btnContainerRect = buttonContainerObj.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
-        btnContainerRect.anchorMin = new Vector2(0, 0);
-        btnContainerRect.anchorMax = new Vector2(1, 0);
-        btnContainerRect.pivot = new Vector2(0.5f, 0);
-        btnContainerRect.anchoredPosition = new Vector2(0, 35);
-        btnContainerRect.sizeDelta = new Vector2(0, 50);
+        var hLayout = btnRowObj.AddComponent<HorizontalLayoutGroup>();
+        hLayout.spacing = 10f;
+        hLayout.childAlignment = TextAnchor.MiddleCenter;
+        hLayout.childControlWidth = true;
+        hLayout.childControlHeight = true;
+        hLayout.childForceExpandWidth = true;
+        hLayout.childForceExpandHeight = true;
 
-        // 6. Dynamic button layout and styling
-        float totalWidth = 560f;
-        float spacing = 15f;
-        float buttonHeight = 45f;
-        int numButtons = buttons.Length;
-
-        float buttonWidth = numButtons == 1 
-            ? 200f 
-            : (totalWidth - (spacing * (numButtons - 1))) / numButtons;
-
-        float startX = numButtons == 1 
-            ? 0 
-            : (-totalWidth / 2f) + (buttonWidth / 2f);
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < numButtons; i++)
+        for (var i = 0; i < buttons.Length; i++)
         {
             var btnData = buttons[i];
-            var btnObj = new GameObject($"Button_{i}");
-            btnObj.transform.SetParent(buttonContainerObj.transform, false);
-            btnObj.layer = 5;
-
-            // Define default colors
-            Color baseColor = btnData.BackgroundColor ?? new Color(0.2f, 0.2f, 0.23f, 1f); // Custom color or gray default
-            Color hoverColor = ApplyColorBrightness(baseColor, 1.2f);
-            Color pressedColor = ApplyColorBrightness(baseColor, 0.8f);
-
-            var btnImage = btnObj.AddComponent<Image>();
-            btnImage.color = baseColor;
-            btnImage.raycastTarget = true;
-
-            var btn = btnObj.AddComponent<Button>();
-            SetupButtonStyle(btn, baseColor, hoverColor, pressedColor);
-                
-            // Register click callback
-            btn.onClick.AddListener(() =>
+            var btn = O5Factory.Button(
+                ctx: ctx,
+                parent: btnRowRect,
+                onClick: () =>
                 {
                     try
                     {
@@ -226,59 +187,24 @@ internal class CommonWarningDialogUI : MonoBehaviour
                     }
                     catch (Exception ex)
                     {
-                    MelonLoader.Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Error($"Dialog Button Click Event Error: {ex}");
+                        Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Error($"Dialog Button Click Event Error: {ex}");
                     }
                     Destroy(gameObject);
-            });
+                },
+                text: btnData.Text,
+                id: $"btn_dialog_{i}",
+                height: 40f
+            );
 
-            var btnRect = btnObj.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
-            btnRect.anchorMin = new Vector2(0.5f, 0.5f);
-            btnRect.anchorMax = new Vector2(0.5f, 0.5f);
-            btnRect.pivot = new Vector2(0.5f, 0.5f);
-                
-            float posX = numButtons == 1 
-                ? 0 
-                : startX + i * (buttonWidth + spacing);
-                
-            btnRect.anchoredPosition = new Vector2(posX, 0);
-            btnRect.sizeDelta = new Vector2(buttonWidth, buttonHeight);
-
-            // Add text label
-            var txtObj = new GameObject("Text");
-            txtObj.transform.SetParent(btnObj.transform, false);
-            txtObj.layer = 5;
-
-            var text = txtObj.AddComponent<TextMeshProUGUI>();
-            text.text = btnData.Text;
-            text.fontSize = 20;
-            text.font = font;
-            text.color = Color.white;
-            text.alignment = TextAlignmentOptions.Center;
-
-            var txtRect = txtObj.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
-            txtRect.anchorMin = Vector2.zero;
-            txtRect.anchorMax = Vector2.one;
-            txtRect.offsetMin = Vector2.zero;
-            txtRect.offsetMax = Vector2.zero;
-        }
-    }
-
-    private void SetupButtonStyle(Button button, Color normalColor, Color hoverColor, Color pressedColor)
+            if (btnData.BackgroundColor.HasValue)
             {
-        button.transition = Selectable.Transition.ColorTint;
-        var colors = button.colors;
-        colors.normalColor = normalColor;
-        colors.highlightedColor = hoverColor;
-        colors.pressedColor = pressedColor;
-        colors.disabledColor = new Color(0.3f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1f);
-        button.colors = colors;
+                btn.NormalColor = btnData.BackgroundColor.Value;
+                btn.UpdateVisual();
             }
 
-    private Color ApplyColorBrightness(Color color, float factor)
-    {
-        float r = Mathf.Clamp01(color.r * factor);
-        float g = Mathf.Clamp01(color.g * factor);
-        float b = Mathf.Clamp01(color.b * factor);
-        return new Color(r, g, b, color.a);
+            var le = btn.Rect.gameObject.AddComponent<LayoutElement>();
+            le.flexibleWidth = 1f;
+            le.preferredHeight = 40f;
+        }
     }
 }

UI/FFmpegDownloadUI.cs

@@ -4,11 +4,13 @@ using System.IO.Compression;
 using System.Net.Http;
 using System.Text;
 using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using MelonLoader;
+using MelonLoader.Utils;
+using O5Kit.Core;
+using O5Kit.Factory;
 using TMPro;
 using UnityEngine;
 using UnityEngine.UI;
-using MelonLoader;
-using MelonLoader.Utils;
 
 namespace ADOFAIRenderer.UI;
 
@@ -22,6 +24,7 @@ internal class FFmpegDownloadUI : MonoBehaviour
     private GameObject _statusTextObj = null!;
     private TextMeshProUGUI _statusText = null!;
 
+    private O5Window? _window;
     private bool _isDownloading;
     private string DownloadUrl => Application.platform switch
     {
@@ -104,13 +107,15 @@ internal class FFmpegDownloadUI : MonoBehaviour
             
         gameObject.AddComponent<GraphicRaycaster>();
 
-        // 1. Create full screen overlay background
-        var bgPanelObj = new GameObject("BackgroundPanel");
+        var ctx = RendererUIManager.Context;
+
+        // 1. Create full screen backdrop
+        var bgPanelObj = new GameObject("Backdrop");
         bgPanelObj.transform.SetParent(transform, false);
         bgPanelObj.layer = 5;
             
         var bgImage = bgPanelObj.AddComponent<Image>();
-        bgImage.color = new Color(0f, 0f, 0f, 0.65f); // Dark transparent overlay
+        bgImage.color = new Color(0f, 0f, 0f, 0.65f);
         bgImage.raycastTarget = true;
             
         var bgRect = bgPanelObj.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
@@ -119,51 +124,31 @@ internal class FFmpegDownloadUI : MonoBehaviour
         bgRect.offsetMin = Vector2.zero;
         bgRect.offsetMax = Vector2.zero;
             
-        var font = ModAssets.NanumSquareNeoNormal;
+        // 2. Create actual native O5Window
+        _window = O5Window.Create(ctx, bgPanelObj.transform, new O5WindowOptions
+        {
+            Id = "RendererMod_FFmpegDownloadDialog",
+            Title = "FFmpeg Library Installation Required",
+            Size = new Vector2(580, 270),
+            Draggable = true,
+            Resizable = false,
+            ShowCloseButton = false,
+            ShowOutline = true,
+            Padding = new RectOffset(16, 16, 16, 16)
+        });
 
-        // 2. Create modal container
-        var modalContainerObj = new GameObject("ModalContainer");
-        modalContainerObj.transform.SetParent(bgPanelObj.transform, false);
-        modalContainerObj.layer = 5;
+        var content = _window.Content;
 
-        var modalImage = modalContainerObj.AddComponent<Image>();
-        modalImage.color = new Color(0.08f, 0.08f, 0.1f, 0.88f);
+        var vLayout = content.gameObject.AddComponent<VerticalLayoutGroup>();
+        vLayout.spacing = 14f;
+        vLayout.padding = new RectOffset(16, 16, 10, 10);
+        vLayout.childControlWidth = true;
+        vLayout.childControlHeight = true;
+        vLayout.childForceExpandWidth = true;
+        vLayout.childForceExpandHeight = false;
 
-        var modalOutline = modalContainerObj.AddComponent<Outline>();
-        modalOutline.effectColor = Color.white;
-        modalOutline.effectDistance = new Vector2(3.0f, -3.0f);
-            
-        var modalRect = modalContainerObj.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
-        modalRect.anchorMin = new Vector2(0.5f, 0.5f);
-        modalRect.anchorMax = new Vector2(0.5f, 0.5f);
-        modalRect.pivot = new Vector2(0.5f, 0.5f);
-        modalRect.sizeDelta = new Vector2(600, 320);
-            
-        // 4. Create title text
-        var titleObj = new GameObject("TitleText");
-        titleObj.transform.SetParent(modalContainerObj.transform, false);
-        titleObj.layer = 5;
-            
-        var titleText = titleObj.AddComponent<TextMeshProUGUI>();
-        titleText.text = "FFmpeg Library Installation Required";
-        titleText.fontSize = 26;
-        titleText.font = font;
-        titleText.color = Color.white;
-        titleText.alignment = TextAlignmentOptions.Center;
-            
-        var titleRect = titleObj.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
-        titleRect.anchorMin = new Vector2(0, 1);
-        titleRect.anchorMax = new Vector2(1, 1);
-        titleRect.pivot = new Vector2(0.5f, 1);
-        titleRect.anchoredPosition = new Vector2(0, -35);
-        titleRect.sizeDelta = new Vector2(0, 40);
-            
-        // 5. Create description text
-        var descObj = new GameObject("DescriptionText");
-        descObj.transform.SetParent(modalContainerObj.transform, false);
-        descObj.layer = 5;
-            
-        var descText = descObj.AddComponent<TextMeshProUGUI>();
+        // 3. Description text
+        var descText = O5Factory.ControlText(ctx, content, 18f, noPad: true);
         var descStrBuilder = new StringBuilder();
         descStrBuilder.AppendLine("FFmpeg shared libraries are required to render video.");
         if (Application.platform == RuntimePlatform.OSXPlayer)
@@ -176,139 +161,104 @@ internal class FFmpegDownloadUI : MonoBehaviour
             descStrBuilder.AppendLine("Click the button below to automatically download and install from the internet.");
             descStrBuilder.AppendLine("<color=#aaaaaa><size=13>(Download size: ~70MB, extracted to UserLibs folder)</size></color>");
         }
-
         descText.text = descStrBuilder.ToString();
-        descText.fontSize = 16;
-        descText.font = font;
-        descText.color = new Color(0.85f, 0.85f, 0.85f, 1f);
         descText.alignment = TextAlignmentOptions.Center;
-        descText.lineSpacing = 10;
+        descText.textWrappingMode = TextWrappingModes.Normal;
+        descText.lineSpacing = 5;
+        descText.color = new Color(0.85f, 0.85f, 0.85f, 1f);
 
-        var descRect = descObj.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
-        descRect.anchorMin = new Vector2(0, 0.5f);
-        descRect.anchorMax = new Vector2(1, 1);
-        descRect.pivot = new Vector2(0.5f, 0.5f);
-        descRect.anchoredPosition = new Vector2(0, -60);
-        descRect.sizeDelta = new Vector2(-40, 100);
+        var descLE = descText.gameObject.AddComponent<LayoutElement>();
+        descLE.flexibleWidth = 1f;
+        descLE.flexibleHeight = 1f;
 
-        // 6. Create button container
-        _buttonContainerObj = new GameObject("ButtonContainer", typeof(RectTransform));
-        _buttonContainerObj.transform.SetParent(modalContainerObj.transform, false);
+        // 4. Button container
+        _buttonContainerObj = new GameObject("ButtonContainer");
+        _buttonContainerObj.transform.SetParent(content, false);
         _buttonContainerObj.layer = 5;
 
-        var btnContainerRect = _buttonContainerObj.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
-        btnContainerRect.anchorMin = new Vector2(0, 0);
-        btnContainerRect.anchorMax = new Vector2(1, 0);
-        btnContainerRect.pivot = new Vector2(0.5f, 0);
-        btnContainerRect.anchoredPosition = new Vector2(0, 35);
-        btnContainerRect.sizeDelta = new Vector2(0, 50);
+        var btnContainerLE = _buttonContainerObj.AddComponent<LayoutElement>();
+        btnContainerLE.preferredHeight = 40f;
+        btnContainerLE.flexibleWidth = 1f;
 
-        // 7. Create download button
-        var downloadBtnObj = new GameObject("DownloadButton");
-        downloadBtnObj.transform.SetParent(_buttonContainerObj.transform, false);
-        downloadBtnObj.layer = 5;
+        var btnLayout = _buttonContainerObj.AddComponent<HorizontalLayoutGroup>();
+        btnLayout.spacing = 10f;
+        btnLayout.childAlignment = TextAnchor.MiddleCenter;
+        btnLayout.childControlWidth = true;
+        btnLayout.childControlHeight = true;
+        btnLayout.childForceExpandWidth = true;
+        btnLayout.childForceExpandHeight = true;
 
-        var downloadImg = downloadBtnObj.AddComponent<Image>();
-        downloadImg.color = new Color(0.0f, 0.8f, 1.0f, 1.0f); // Sleek cyan/blue
-        downloadImg.raycastTarget = true;
+        Action onDownloadClick = Application.platform != RuntimePlatform.OSXPlayer 
+            ? StartDownloadProcess 
+            : () => { Application.OpenURL("https://ffmpeg.org"); Destroy(gameObject); };
 
-        var downloadBtn = downloadBtnObj.AddComponent<Button>();
-        SetupButtonStyle(downloadBtn, new Color(0.0f, 0.8f, 1.0f, 1.0f), new Color(0.2f, 0.9f, 1.0f, 1.0f), new Color(0.0f, 0.6f, 0.8f, 1.0f));
-        if (Application.platform != RuntimePlatform.OSXPlayer) downloadBtn.onClick.AddListener(StartDownloadProcess);
-        else
-        {
-            downloadBtn.onClick.AddListener(OpenFFmpegWebsite);
-            void OpenFFmpegWebsite() { Application.OpenURL("https://ffmpeg.org"); Destroy(gameObject); }
-        }
+        var downloadBtn = O5Factory.Button(
+            ctx: ctx,
+            parent: _buttonContainerObj.transform,
+            onClick: onDownloadClick,
+            text: Application.platform != RuntimePlatform.OSXPlayer ? "Download & Install" : "Open Website",
+            id: "btn_ffmpeg_download",
+            height: 40f
+        );
+        downloadBtn.NormalColor = ctx.Theme.ObjectActiveBright;
+        downloadBtn.UpdateVisual();
 
-        var downloadBtnRect = downloadBtnObj.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
-        downloadBtnRect.anchorMin = new Vector2(0.5f, 0.5f);
-        downloadBtnRect.anchorMax = new Vector2(0.5f, 0.5f);
-        downloadBtnRect.pivot = new Vector2(1f, 0.5f);
-        downloadBtnRect.anchoredPosition = new Vector2(-15, 0);
-        downloadBtnRect.sizeDelta = new Vector2(180, 45);
+        var downloadBtnLE = downloadBtn.Rect.gameObject.AddComponent<LayoutElement>();
+        downloadBtnLE.flexibleWidth = 1f;
+        downloadBtnLE.preferredHeight = 40f;
 
-        var downloadTextObj = new GameObject("DownloadText");
-        downloadTextObj.transform.SetParent(downloadBtnObj.transform, false);
-        downloadTextObj.layer = 5;
+        var cancelBtn = O5Factory.Button(
+            ctx: ctx,
+            parent: _buttonContainerObj.transform,
+            onClick: CancelProcess,
+            text: "Cancel",
+            id: "btn_ffmpeg_cancel",
+            height: 40f
+        );
+        var cancelBtnLE = cancelBtn.Rect.gameObject.AddComponent<LayoutElement>();
+        cancelBtnLE.flexibleWidth = 1f;
+        cancelBtnLE.preferredHeight = 40f;
 
-        var downloadText = downloadTextObj.AddComponent<TextMeshProUGUI>();
-        downloadText.text = Application.platform != RuntimePlatform.OSXPlayer ? "Download & Install" : "Open Website";
-        downloadText.fontSize = 20;
-        downloadText.font = font;
-        downloadText.color = Color.white;
-        downloadText.alignment = TextAlignmentOptions.Center;
-            
-        var downloadTextRect = downloadTextObj.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
-        downloadTextRect.anchorMin = Vector2.zero;
-        downloadTextRect.anchorMax = Vector2.one;
-        downloadTextRect.offsetMin = Vector2.zero;
-        downloadTextRect.offsetMax = Vector2.zero;
-            
-        // 8. Create cancel button
-        var cancelBtnObj = new GameObject("CancelButton");
-        cancelBtnObj.transform.SetParent(_buttonContainerObj.transform, false);
-        cancelBtnObj.layer = 5;
-            
-        var cancelImg = cancelBtnObj.AddComponent<Image>();
-        cancelImg.color = new Color(0.2f, 0.2f, 0.23f, 1f);
-        cancelImg.raycastTarget = true;
-            
-        var cancelBtn = cancelBtnObj.AddComponent<Button>();
-        SetupButtonStyle(cancelBtn, new Color(0.2f, 0.2f, 0.23f, 1f), new Color(0.25f, 0.25f, 0.28f, 1f), new Color(0.15f, 0.15f, 0.18f, 1f));
-        cancelBtn.onClick.AddListener(CancelProcess);
-            
-        var cancelBtnRect = cancelBtnObj.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
-        cancelBtnRect.anchorMin = new Vector2(0.5f, 0.5f);
-        cancelBtnRect.anchorMax = new Vector2(0.5f, 0.5f);
-        cancelBtnRect.pivot = new Vector2(0f, 0.5f);
-        cancelBtnRect.anchoredPosition = new Vector2(15, 0);
-        cancelBtnRect.sizeDelta = new Vector2(180, 45);
-            
-        var cancelTextObj = new GameObject("CancelText");
-        cancelTextObj.transform.SetParent(cancelBtnObj.transform, false);
-        cancelTextObj.layer = 5;
-            
-        var cancelText = cancelTextObj.AddComponent<TextMeshProUGUI>();
-        cancelText.text = "Cancel";
-        cancelText.fontSize = 20;
-        cancelText.font = font;
-        cancelText.color = new Color(0.9f, 0.9f, 0.9f, 1f);
-        cancelText.alignment = TextAlignmentOptions.Center;
-            
-        var cancelTextRect = cancelTextObj.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
-        cancelTextRect.anchorMin = Vector2.zero;
-        cancelTextRect.anchorMax = Vector2.one;
-        cancelTextRect.offsetMin = Vector2.zero;
-        cancelTextRect.offsetMax = Vector2.zero;
-            
-        // 9. Create progress bar container
+        // 5. Progress bar container
         _progressBarObj = new GameObject("ProgressBarContainer");
-        _progressBarObj.transform.SetParent(modalContainerObj.transform, false);
+        _progressBarObj.transform.SetParent(content, false);
         _progressBarObj.layer = 5;
         _progressBarObj.SetActive(false);
 
+        var pbLE = _progressBarObj.AddComponent<LayoutElement>();
+        pbLE.preferredHeight = 24f;
+        pbLE.flexibleWidth = 1f;
+
         var barBgImg = _progressBarObj.AddComponent<Image>();
-        barBgImg.color = new Color(0.08f, 0.08f, 0.1f, 1.0f);
+        barBgImg.sprite = ctx.Sprites.RoundedControl;
+        barBgImg.type = Image.Type.Sliced;
+        barBgImg.color = ctx.Theme.ObjectBG;
 
-        var barBgOutline = _progressBarObj.AddComponent<Outline>();
-        barBgOutline.effectColor = Color.white;
-        barBgOutline.effectDistance = new Vector2(3.0f, -3.0f);
+        var barOutlineObj = new GameObject("BarOutline");
+        barOutlineObj.transform.SetParent(_progressBarObj.transform, false);
+        barOutlineObj.layer = 5;
 
-        var barRect = _progressBarObj.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
-        barRect.anchorMin = new Vector2(0.5f, 0);
-        barRect.anchorMax = new Vector2(0.5f, 0);
-        barRect.pivot = new Vector2(0.5f, 0);
-        barRect.anchoredPosition = new Vector2(0, 75);
-        barRect.sizeDelta = new Vector2(480, 24);
+        var barOutlineImg = barOutlineObj.AddComponent<Image>();
+        barOutlineImg.sprite = ctx.Sprites.RoundedOutline;
+        barOutlineImg.type = Image.Type.Sliced;
+        barOutlineImg.color = ctx.Theme.ControlOutlineIdle;
+        barOutlineImg.raycastTarget = false;
 
-        // 10. Create progress bar fill image
+        var barOutlineRect = barOutlineObj.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
+        barOutlineRect.anchorMin = Vector2.zero;
+        barOutlineRect.anchorMax = Vector2.one;
+        barOutlineRect.offsetMin = Vector2.zero;
+        barOutlineRect.offsetMax = Vector2.zero;
+
+        // Progress bar fill image
         _progressBarFillObj = new GameObject("ProgressBarFill");
         _progressBarFillObj.transform.SetParent(_progressBarObj.transform, false);
         _progressBarFillObj.layer = 5;
 
         var fillImg = _progressBarFillObj.AddComponent<Image>();
-        fillImg.color = new Color(0.0f, 0.8f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
+        fillImg.sprite = ctx.Sprites.RoundedControl;
+        fillImg.type = Image.Type.Sliced;
+        fillImg.color = ctx.Theme.ObjectActiveBright;
 
         _fillRect = _progressBarFillObj.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
         _fillRect.anchorMin = new Vector2(0, 0);
@@ -317,20 +267,17 @@ internal class FFmpegDownloadUI : MonoBehaviour
         _fillRect.anchoredPosition = Vector2.zero;
         _fillRect.sizeDelta = Vector2.zero;
 
-        // 11. Create progress text
+        // Progress text
         var progressTextObj = new GameObject("ProgressBarText");
         progressTextObj.transform.SetParent(_progressBarObj.transform, false);
         progressTextObj.layer = 5;
 
         _progressText = progressTextObj.AddComponent<TextMeshProUGUI>();
-        _progressText.fontSize = 16;
-        _progressText.font = font;
+        _progressText.fontSize = 13;
+        _progressText.font = ctx.Fonts.Regular;
         _progressText.color = Color.white;
         _progressText.alignment = TextAlignmentOptions.Center;
-            
-        var progressTextOutline = progressTextObj.AddComponent<Outline>();
-        progressTextOutline.effectColor = new Color(0, 0, 0, 0.8f);
-        progressTextOutline.effectDistance = new Vector2(1, -1);
+        _progressText.raycastTarget = false;
 
         var progressTextRect = progressTextObj.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
         progressTextRect.anchorMin = Vector2.zero;
@@ -338,35 +285,28 @@ internal class FFmpegDownloadUI : MonoBehaviour
         progressTextRect.offsetMin = Vector2.zero;
         progressTextRect.offsetMax = Vector2.zero;
 
-        // 12. Create status text
+        // 6. Status text
         _statusTextObj = new GameObject("StatusText");
-        _statusTextObj.transform.SetParent(modalContainerObj.transform, false);
+        _statusTextObj.transform.SetParent(content, false);
         _statusTextObj.layer = 5;
         _statusTextObj.SetActive(false);
 
+        var statusLE = _statusTextObj.AddComponent<LayoutElement>();
+        statusLE.preferredHeight = 22f;
+        statusLE.flexibleWidth = 1f;
+
         _statusText = _statusTextObj.AddComponent<TextMeshProUGUI>();
-        _statusText.fontSize = 16;
-        _statusText.font = font;
+        _statusText.fontSize = 14;
+        _statusText.font = ctx.Fonts.Regular;
         _statusText.color = new Color(0.8f, 0.8f, 0.8f, 1f);
         _statusText.alignment = TextAlignmentOptions.Center;
+        _statusText.raycastTarget = false;
 
         var statusRect = _statusTextObj.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
-        statusRect.anchorMin = new Vector2(0, 0);
-        statusRect.anchorMax = new Vector2(1, 0);
-        statusRect.pivot = new Vector2(0.5f, 0);
-        statusRect.anchoredPosition = new Vector2(0, 35);
-        statusRect.sizeDelta = new Vector2(0, 30);
-    }
-
-    private void SetupButtonStyle(Button button, Color normalColor, Color hoverColor, Color pressedColor)
-    {
-        button.transition = Selectable.Transition.ColorTint;
-        var colors = button.colors;
-        colors.normalColor = normalColor;
-        colors.highlightedColor = hoverColor;
-        colors.pressedColor = pressedColor;
-        colors.disabledColor = new Color(0.3f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1f);
-        button.colors = colors;
+        statusRect.anchorMin = Vector2.zero;
+        statusRect.anchorMax = Vector2.one;
+        statusRect.offsetMin = Vector2.zero;
+        statusRect.offsetMax = Vector2.zero;
     }
 
     private void Update()
@@ -643,6 +583,8 @@ internal class FFmpegDownloadUI : MonoBehaviour
 
     private void OnDestroy()
     {
+        _window?.Dispose();
+        _window = null;
         _cts?.Dispose();
         if (Instance == this)
         {

UI/LocalizedText.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+using System;
+using ADOFAIRenderer.Localization;
+using TMPro;
+using UnityEngine;
+
+namespace ADOFAIRenderer.UI;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Component that binds a TextMeshProUGUI component to a localization key or dynamic string provider,
+/// automatically updating the displayed text whenever the active language changes.
+/// </summary>
+internal class LocalizedText : MonoBehaviour
+{
+    private TextMeshProUGUI? _textComponent;
+    private string? _key;
+    private Func<string>? _dynamicProvider;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the localization key. Setting this will clear any dynamic provider.
+    /// </summary>
+    public string? Key
+    {
+        get => _key;
+        set
+        {
+            _key = value;
+            _dynamicProvider = null;
+            Refresh();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Sets a dynamic string provider function.
+    /// </summary>
+    public void SetDynamic(Func<string> provider)
+    {
+        _dynamicProvider = provider;
+        _key = null;
+        Refresh();
+    }
+
+    private void Awake()
+    {
+        EnsureComponent();
+        LocalizationManager.OnLanguageChanged += HandleLanguageChanged;
+    }
+
+    private void OnEnable()
+    {
+        Refresh();
+    }
+
+    private void OnDestroy()
+    {
+        LocalizationManager.OnLanguageChanged -= HandleLanguageChanged;
+    }
+
+    private void HandleLanguageChanged(SystemLanguage language)
+    {
+        Refresh();
+    }
+
+    private void EnsureComponent()
+    {
+        if (_textComponent == null)
+        {
+            _textComponent = GetComponent<TextMeshProUGUI>();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Refreshes the text using either the dynamic provider or the static localization key.
+    /// </summary>
+    public void Refresh()
+    {
+        EnsureComponent();
+        if (_textComponent == null) return;
+
+        if (_dynamicProvider != null)
+        {
+            _textComponent.text = _dynamicProvider();
+        }
+        else if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(_key))
+        {
+            _textComponent.text = LocalizationManager.Get(_key);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Binds a TextMeshProUGUI component to a localization key.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static LocalizedText Bind(TextMeshProUGUI target, string key)
+    {
+        if (target == null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(target));
+        var component = target.GetComponent<LocalizedText>() ?? target.gameObject.AddComponent<LocalizedText>();
+        component._textComponent = target;
+        component.Key = key;
+        return component;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Binds a TextMeshProUGUI component to a dynamic string provider function.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static LocalizedText Bind(TextMeshProUGUI target, Func<string> provider)
+    {
+        if (target == null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(target));
+        var component = target.GetComponent<LocalizedText>() ?? target.gameObject.AddComponent<LocalizedText>();
+        component._textComponent = target;
+        component.SetDynamic(provider);
+        return component;
+    }
+}

UI/Window/RenderConfigWindow.cs

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ using ADOFAIRenderer.Core;
 using ADOFAIRenderer.Core.Data;
 using ADOFAIRenderer.Data;
 using ADOFAIRenderer.Localization;
-using ADOFAIRenderer.Util;
+using ADOFAIRenderer.Util.OS;
 using MelonLoader;
 using O5Kit.Control;
 using O5Kit.Core;
@@ -26,6 +26,10 @@ internal static class RenderConfigWindow
     private static O5InputField? _presetNameInput;
     private static O5Button? _savePresetButton;
     private static O5Button? _deletePresetButton;
+    // ReSharper disable once InconsistentNaming
+    private static LayoutElement? _deletePresetButtonLE;
+    private static bool _isDeletePending;
+    private static Coroutine? _deleteResetCoroutine;
     private static string? _lastLoadedPresetName;
 
     // Controls cache for validation & sync
@@ -87,14 +91,20 @@ internal static class RenderConfigWindow
                 Size = new Vector2(900, 600), Draggable = true, Resizable = true,
                 ShowCloseButton = true
             });
+            if (_configWindow.TitleText != null)
+            {
+                LocalizedText.Bind(_configWindow.TitleText, "ui.render_config.window_title");
+            }
 
             _configWindow.CloseRequested += win =>
             {
                 CloseAllPickers();
+                ResetDeletePendingState();
                 win.Rect.gameObject.SetActive(false);
             };
 
             BuildUI(_configWindow.Content);
+            LocalizationManager.OnLanguageChanged += OnLanguageChanged;
         }
         else
         {
@@ -145,14 +155,9 @@ internal static class RenderConfigWindow
         };
         
         // Presets (Collapsible Card)
-        var (_, presetContent) = O5Factory.Card(
+        var (_, presetContent) = CreateCard(
             ctx, scrollContent,
-            LocalizationManager.Get("ui.render_config.presets"),
-            activeValue: true,
-            onActiveChanged: null,
-            onDeleteClick: null,
-            showDeleteButton: false,
-            showActiveToggle: false
+            "ui.render_config.presets"
         );
 
         var presets = PresetManager.GetPresets();
@@ -177,7 +182,7 @@ internal static class RenderConfigWindow
 
         _presetDropdown = CreateDropdownField(
             ctx, presetContent,
-            LocalizationManager.Get("ui.render_config.preset_select"),
+            "ui.render_config.preset_select",
             initialPresetName, initialPresetName,
             presetNames, p => p,
             "dd_presets",
@@ -213,18 +218,24 @@ internal static class RenderConfigWindow
             icon: null,
             id: "input_preset_name"
         );
+        if (_presetNameInput.Placeholder != null)
+        {
+            LocalizedText.Bind(_presetNameInput.Placeholder, "ui.render_config.preset_name_placeholder");
+        }
+        // ReSharper disable once InconsistentNaming
         var inputLE = _presetNameInput.Rect.GetComponent<LayoutElement>() ?? _presetNameInput.Rect.gameObject.AddComponent<LayoutElement>();
         inputLE.flexibleWidth = 1f;
         inputLE.preferredHeight = 40f;
 
-        _savePresetButton = O5Factory.Button(
+        _savePresetButton = CreateButton(
             ctx: ctx,
             parent: actionsRowRect,
-            onClick: () => OnSavePresetClicked(config),
-            text: LocalizationManager.Get("ui.render_config.preset_save"),
+            textKey: "ui.render_config.preset_save",
             id: "btn_preset_save",
+            onClick: () => OnSavePresetClicked(config),
             height: 40f
         );
+        // ReSharper disable once InconsistentNaming
         var saveLE = _savePresetButton.Rect.GetComponent<LayoutElement>() ?? _savePresetButton.Rect.gameObject.AddComponent<LayoutElement>();
         saveLE.preferredWidth = 90f;
         saveLE.flexibleWidth = 0f;
@@ -241,104 +252,97 @@ internal static class RenderConfigWindow
             fonts: ctx.Fonts,
             tween: ctx.Tween
         );
-        _deletePresetButton = O5Factory.Button(
+        _deletePresetButton = CreateButton(
             ctx: redCtx,
             parent: actionsRowRect,
-            onClick: () => OnDeletePresetClicked(config),
-            text: LocalizationManager.Get("ui.render_config.preset_delete"),
+            textKey: "ui.render_config.preset_delete",
             id: "btn_preset_delete",
+            onClick: () => OnDeletePresetClicked(config),
             height: 40f
         );
-        var deleteLE = _deletePresetButton.Rect.GetComponent<LayoutElement>() ?? _deletePresetButton.Rect.gameObject.AddComponent<LayoutElement>();
-        deleteLE.preferredWidth = 90f;
-        deleteLE.flexibleWidth = 0f;
-        deleteLE.preferredHeight = 40f;
+        if (_deletePresetButton.Label != null)
+        {
+            LocalizedText.Bind(_deletePresetButton.Label, () =>
+                _isDeletePending
+                    ? LocalizationManager.Get("ui.render_config.preset_delete_confirm")
+                    : LocalizationManager.Get("ui.render_config.preset_delete"));
+        }
+        _deletePresetButtonLE = _deletePresetButton.Rect.GetComponent<LayoutElement>() ?? _deletePresetButton.Rect.gameObject.AddComponent<LayoutElement>();
+        _deletePresetButtonLE.preferredWidth = 90f;
+        _deletePresetButtonLE.flexibleWidth = 0f;
+        _deletePresetButtonLE.preferredHeight = 40f;
 
         UpdateDeleteButtonState();
         
         // 1-3. Top section: 좌/우 컨테이너 1개씩으로 3행을 쌓는다 (중앙선 1개)
         var (topLeft, topRight) = CreateTwoColumnPanel(scrollContent, spacing: 8f, columnSpacing: 10f);
         
-        _renderFpsSlider = O5Factory.Slider(
+        _renderFpsSlider = CreateSlider(
             ctx: ctx, parent: CreateFieldSlot(topLeft),
+            labelKey: "ui.render_config.render_fps", id: "slider_render_fps",
             defaultValue: 60, min: 0.01, max: 3000, value: 60,
             format: "F3", clampMode: ClampMode.All,
-
             sliderFilter: value => Snap(renderFpsSnap, value),
-            inputFilter: null, onComplete: null, onChanged: val => { config.RenderFPS = val; MarkConfigModified(); },
-            text: LocalizationManager.Get("ui.render_config.render_fps"),
-            id: "slider_render_fps", showFill: true
+            onChanged: val => { config.RenderFPS = val; MarkConfigModified(); }
         );
         
-        _videoFPSSlider = O5Factory.Slider(
+        _videoFPSSlider = CreateSlider(
             ctx: ctx, parent: CreateFieldSlot(topRight), 
+            labelKey: "ui.render_config.video_fps", id: "slider_video_fps",
             defaultValue: 60, min: 0.01, max: 600, value: 60,
             format: "F3", clampMode: ClampMode.All,
-            
             sliderFilter: value => Snap(videoFpsSnap, value),
-            inputFilter: null, onComplete: null, onChanged: val => { config.VideoFPS = val; MarkConfigModified(); },
-            text: LocalizationManager.Get("ui.render_config.video_fps"),
-            id: "slider_video_fps", showFill: true
+            onChanged: val => { config.VideoFPS = val; MarkConfigModified(); }
         );
 
-        _renderWidthSlider = O5Factory.Slider(
+        _renderWidthSlider = CreateSlider(
             ctx: ctx, parent: CreateFieldSlot(topLeft),
+            labelKey: "ui.render_config.render_width", id: "slider_render_width",
             defaultValue: 2560, min: 0, max: 15360, value: 2560,
             format: "F0", clampMode: ClampMode.All,
-            
             sliderFilter: value => Snap(renderWidthSnap, value), inputFilter: value => Math.Max(value, 2), 
-            onComplete: null, onChanged: val => { config.RenderWidth = (int)Math.Round(val); MarkConfigModified(); },
-            text: LocalizationManager.Get("ui.render_config.render_width"),
-            id: "slider_render_width", showFill: true
+            onChanged: val => { config.RenderWidth = (int)Math.Round(val); MarkConfigModified(); }
         );
         
-        _renderHeightSlider = O5Factory.Slider(
+        _renderHeightSlider = CreateSlider(
             ctx: ctx, parent: CreateFieldSlot(topRight),
+            labelKey: "ui.render_config.render_height", id: "slider_render_height",
             defaultValue: 1440, min: 0, max: 8640, value: 1440,
             format: "F0", clampMode: ClampMode.All,
-            
             sliderFilter: value => Snap(renderHeightSnap, value), inputFilter: value => Math.Max(value, 2), 
-            onComplete: null, onChanged: val => { config.RenderHeight = (int)Math.Round(val); MarkConfigModified(); },
-            text: LocalizationManager.Get("ui.render_config.render_height"),
-            id: "slider_render_height", showFill: true
+            onChanged: val => { config.RenderHeight = (int)Math.Round(val); MarkConfigModified(); }
         );
         
-        _delayAfterEndSlider = O5Factory.Slider(
+        _delayAfterEndSlider = CreateSlider(
             ctx: ctx, parent: CreateFieldSlot(topLeft),
+            labelKey: "ui.render_config.delay_after_end", id: "slider_delay_after_end",
             defaultValue: 15, min: 0, max: 9999.999, value: 15,
             format: "F3", clampMode: ClampMode.All,
-            
-            sliderFilter: null, inputFilter: null, 
-            onComplete: null, onChanged: val => { config.DelayAfterEnd = val; MarkConfigModified(); },
-            text: LocalizationManager.Get("ui.render_config.delay_after_end"),
-            id: "slider_delay_after_end", showFill: true
+            onChanged: val => { config.DelayAfterEnd = val; MarkConfigModified(); }
         );
         
         _showJudgementToggle = CreateToggleField(
-            ctx, CreateFieldSlot(topRight), "",
-            false, config.ShowJudgementText,
-            LocalizationManager.Get("ui.render_config.show_judgement"),
-            "toggle_show_judgement",
-            val => { config.ShowJudgementText = val; MarkConfigModified(); },
+            ctx, CreateFieldSlot(topRight),
+            labelKey: "",
+            defaultValue: false,
+            value: config.ShowJudgementText,
+            toggleTextKey: "ui.render_config.show_judgement",
+            id: "toggle_show_judgement",
+            onChanged: val => { config.ShowJudgementText = val; MarkConfigModified(); },
             generateLabel: false
         );
 
         // 4. Video Encoding Config (Collapsible Card)
-        var (_, videoContent) = O5Factory.Card(
+        var (_, videoContent) = CreateCard(
             ctx, scrollContent,
-            LocalizationManager.Get("ui.render_config.video_encoding"),
-            activeValue: true,
-            onActiveChanged: null,
-            onDeleteClick: null,
-            showDeleteButton: false,
-            showActiveToggle: false
+            "ui.render_config.video_encoding"
         );
 
         var (videoLeft, videoRight) = CreateTwoColumnPanel(videoContent);
         var codecs = (Codec[])Enum.GetValues(typeof(Codec));
         _codecDropdown = CreateDropdownField(
             ctx, CreateFieldSlot(videoLeft),
-            LocalizationManager.Get("ui.render_config.codec"),
+            "ui.render_config.codec",
             Codec.H264, config.VideoConfig.Codec,
             codecs, c => c.ToString(),
             "dd_video_codec",
@@ -351,7 +355,7 @@ internal static class RenderConfigWindow
         
         _bitrateInput = CreateInputField(
             ctx, CreateFieldSlot(videoLeft),
-            LocalizationManager.Get("ui.render_config.bitrate"),
+            "ui.render_config.bitrate",
             "30000", config.VideoConfig.Bitrate.ToString(),
             "input_bitrate", out _bitrateLabel,
             TMPro.TMP_InputField.CharacterValidation.Integer,
@@ -360,7 +364,7 @@ internal static class RenderConfigWindow
         
         _qpInput = CreateInputField(
             ctx, CreateFieldSlot(videoLeft),
-            LocalizationManager.Get("ui.render_config.qp"),
+            "ui.render_config.qp",
             "18", config.VideoConfig.QP.ToString(),
             "input_qp", out _qpLabel,
             TMPro.TMP_InputField.CharacterValidation.Integer,
@@ -370,7 +374,7 @@ internal static class RenderConfigWindow
         var rateModes = (RateControlMode[])Enum.GetValues(typeof(RateControlMode));
         _rateControlDropdown = CreateDropdownField(
             ctx, CreateFieldSlot(videoRight),
-            LocalizationManager.Get("ui.render_config.rate_control"),
+            "ui.render_config.rate_control",
             RateControlMode.CBR, config.VideoConfig.RateControlMode,
             rateModes, m => m.ToString(),
             "dd_rate_control",
@@ -384,7 +388,7 @@ internal static class RenderConfigWindow
         
         _maxBitrateInput = CreateInputField(
             ctx, CreateFieldSlot(videoRight),
-            LocalizationManager.Get("ui.render_config.max_bitrate"),
+            "ui.render_config.max_bitrate",
             "50000", config.VideoConfig.MaxBitrate.ToString(),
             "input_max_bitrate", out _maxBitrateLabel,
             TMPro.TMP_InputField.CharacterValidation.Integer,
@@ -392,61 +396,55 @@ internal static class RenderConfigWindow
         );
         
         _forceSoftwareToggle = CreateToggleField(
-            ctx, CreateFieldSlot(videoRight), "",
-            false, config.VideoConfig.ForceSoftwareEncoder,
-            LocalizationManager.Get("ui.render_config.force_software"),
-            "toggle_force_software",
-            val => { config.VideoConfig.ForceSoftwareEncoder = val; MarkConfigModified(); },
+            ctx, CreateFieldSlot(videoRight),
+            labelKey: "",
+            defaultValue: false,
+            value: config.VideoConfig.ForceSoftwareEncoder,
+            toggleTextKey: "ui.render_config.force_software",
+            id: "toggle_force_software",
+            onChanged: val => { config.VideoConfig.ForceSoftwareEncoder = val; MarkConfigModified(); },
             generateLabel: true
         );
 
-        _keyframeIntervalSlider = O5Factory.Slider(
+        _keyframeIntervalSlider = CreateSlider(
             ctx: ctx, parent: videoContent,
+            labelKey: "ui.render_config.keyframe_interval", id: "slider_keyframe_interval",
             defaultValue: 2, min: 0.1, max: 10, value: 2,
             format: "F1", clampMode: ClampMode.All,
-            
-            sliderFilter: null, inputFilter: null, 
-            onComplete: null, onChanged: val => { config.VideoConfig.KeyframeInterval = val; MarkConfigModified(); },
-            text: LocalizationManager.Get("ui.render_config.keyframe_interval"),
-            id: "slider_keyframe_interval", showFill: true
+            onChanged: val => { config.VideoConfig.KeyframeInterval = val; MarkConfigModified(); }
         );
 
         // 5. Audio Encoding Config (Collapsible Card)
-        var (_, audioContent) = O5Factory.Card(
+        var (_, audioContent) = CreateCard(
             ctx, scrollContent,
-            LocalizationManager.Get("ui.render_config.audio_encoding"),
-            activeValue: true,
-            onActiveChanged: null,
-            onDeleteClick: null,
-            showDeleteButton: false,
-            showActiveToggle: false
+            "ui.render_config.audio_encoding"
         );
 
         var (audioLeft, audioRight) = CreateTwoColumnPanel(audioContent);
         _renderAudioToggle = CreateToggleField(
-            ctx, CreateFieldSlot(audioLeft), "",
-            true, config.AudioConfig.RenderAudio,
-            LocalizationManager.Get("ui.render_config.render_audio"),
-            "toggle_render_audio",
-            val => { config.AudioConfig.RenderAudio = val; MarkConfigModified(); },
+            ctx, CreateFieldSlot(audioLeft),
+            labelKey: "",
+            defaultValue: true,
+            value: config.AudioConfig.RenderAudio,
+            toggleTextKey: "ui.render_config.render_audio",
+            id: "toggle_render_audio",
+            onChanged: val => { config.AudioConfig.RenderAudio = val; MarkConfigModified(); },
             generateLabel: false
         );
         
-        _audioBitrateSlider = O5Factory.Slider(
+        _audioBitrateSlider = CreateSlider(
             ctx: ctx, parent: CreateFieldSlot(audioRight),
+            labelKey: "ui.render_config.audio_bitrate", id: "slider_audio_bitrate",
             defaultValue: 256, min: 64, max: 384, value: 256,
             format: "F0", clampMode: ClampMode.All,
-
             sliderFilter: value => Snap(audioBitrateSnap, value),
-            inputFilter: null, onComplete: null, onChanged: val => { config.AudioConfig.AudioBitrate = (int)Math.Round(val) * 1000; MarkConfigModified(); },
-            text: LocalizationManager.Get("ui.render_config.audio_bitrate"),
-            id: "slider_audio_bitrate", showFill: true
+            onChanged: val => { config.AudioConfig.AudioBitrate = (int)Math.Round(val) * 1000; MarkConfigModified(); }
         );
         
         var channels = new[] { 1, 2 };
         _channelsDropdown = CreateDropdownField(
             ctx, CreateFieldSlot(audioLeft),
-            LocalizationManager.Get("ui.render_config.channels"),
+            "ui.render_config.channels",
             2, config.AudioConfig.AudioChannels,
             channels, c => c == 1 ? "1 (Mono)" : "2 (Stereo)",
             "dd_channels",
@@ -455,7 +453,7 @@ internal static class RenderConfigWindow
 
         _sampleRateDropdown = CreateDropdownField(
             ctx, CreateFieldSlot(audioRight),
-            LocalizationManager.Get("ui.render_config.sample_rate"),
+            "ui.render_config.sample_rate",
             48000, config.AudioConfig.AudioSampleRate,
             CodecUtil.AvailableSampleRate[CodecUtil.AudioCodecMatch[config.VideoConfig.Codec]], r => $"{r/1000.0} kHz", 
             "dd_sample_rate",
@@ -463,19 +461,14 @@ internal static class RenderConfigWindow
         );
 
         // 6. Global Settings (Collapsible Card)
-        var (_, globalContent) = O5Factory.Card(
+        var (_, globalContent) = CreateCard(
             ctx, scrollContent,
-            LocalizationManager.Get("ui.render_config.global_settings"),
-            activeValue: true,
-            onActiveChanged: null,
-            onDeleteClick: null,
-            showDeleteButton: false,
-            showActiveToggle: false
+            "ui.render_config.global_settings"
         );
 
         _outputDirInput = CreateFullWidthInputField(
             ctx, globalContent,
-            LocalizationManager.Get("ui.render_config.output_dir"),
+            "ui.render_config.output_dir",
             GlobalSettings.DefaultOutputDirectory,
             GlobalSettings.EffectiveOutputDirectory,
             "input_output_dir",
@@ -495,8 +488,10 @@ internal static class RenderConfigWindow
         );
 
         var (globalLeft, globalRight) = CreateTwoColumnPanel(globalContent);
-        O5Factory.Button(
+        CreateButton(
             ctx, globalLeft,
+            "ui.render_config.browse",
+            "btn_browse_output",
             () =>
             {
                 var initial = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(_outputDirInput.Value)
@@ -512,39 +507,32 @@ internal static class RenderConfigWindow
                         GlobalSettings.Save();
                     }
                 });
-            },
-            LocalizationManager.Get("ui.render_config.browse"),
-            "btn_browse_output"
+            }
         );
 
-        O5Factory.Button(
+        CreateButton(
             ctx, globalRight,
+            "ui.render_config.reset_default",
+            "btn_reset_output",
             () =>
             {
                 _outputDirInput.Set(GlobalSettings.DefaultOutputDirectory);
                 GlobalSettings.Current.OutputDirectory = null;
                 GlobalSettings.Save();
-            },
-            LocalizationManager.Get("ui.render_config.reset_default"),
-            "btn_reset_output"
+            }
         );
 
         // 7. Advanced Settings (Collapsible Card)
-        var (_, advContent) = O5Factory.Card(
+        var (_, advContent) = CreateCard(
             ctx, scrollContent,
-            LocalizationManager.Get("ui.render_config.advanced_settings"),
-            activeValue: true,
-            onActiveChanged: null,
-            onDeleteClick: null,
-            showDeleteButton: false,
-            showActiveToggle: false
+            "ui.render_config.advanced_settings"
         );
 
         var (advLeft, advRight) = CreateTwoColumnPanel(advContent);
         var extensions = new[] { "mkv", "mp4", "mov", "webm", "avi" };
         _fileExtensionDropdown = CreateDropdownField(
             ctx, CreateFieldSlot(advLeft),
-            LocalizationManager.Get("ui.render_config.file_extension"),
+            "ui.render_config.file_extension",
             "mkv", config.AdvancedConfig.FileExtension,
             extensions, e => e,
             "dd_adv_file_extension",
@@ -556,11 +544,13 @@ internal static class RenderConfigWindow
         );
         
         _processAudioToggle = CreateToggleField(
-            ctx, CreateFieldSlot(advLeft), "",
-            true, config.AdvancedConfig.ProcessAudio,
-            LocalizationManager.Get("ui.render_config.process_audio"),
-            "toggle_process_audio",
-            val =>
+            ctx, CreateFieldSlot(advLeft),
+            labelKey: "",
+            defaultValue: true,
+            value: config.AdvancedConfig.ProcessAudio,
+            toggleTextKey: "ui.render_config.process_audio",
+            id: "toggle_process_audio",
+            onChanged: val =>
             {
                 config.AdvancedConfig.ProcessAudio = val;
                 MarkConfigModified();
@@ -570,7 +560,7 @@ internal static class RenderConfigWindow
 
         _randomSeedInput = CreateInputField(
             ctx, CreateFieldSlot(advRight),
-            LocalizationManager.Get("ui.render_config.random_seed"),
+            "ui.render_config.random_seed",
             "", config.AdvancedConfig.RandomSeed?.ToString() ?? "",
             "input_random_seed",
             TMPro.TMP_InputField.CharacterValidation.Integer,
@@ -583,11 +573,13 @@ internal static class RenderConfigWindow
         );
         
         _nonTileToggle = CreateToggleField(
-            ctx, CreateFieldSlot(advRight), "",
-            false, config.AdvancedConfig.NonTile,
-            LocalizationManager.Get("ui.render_config.non_tile"),
-            "toggle_non_tile",
-            val =>
+            ctx, CreateFieldSlot(advRight),
+            labelKey: "",
+            defaultValue: false,
+            value: config.AdvancedConfig.NonTile,
+            toggleTextKey: "ui.render_config.non_tile",
+            id: "toggle_non_tile",
+            onChanged: val =>
             {
                 config.AdvancedConfig.NonTile = val;
                 MarkConfigModified();
@@ -596,9 +588,7 @@ internal static class RenderConfigWindow
         );
         
         // 7-1. Planet Color Settings (Optional)
-        var planetColorsLabel = O5Factory.ControlText(ctx, advContent, 13f, noPad: true);
-        planetColorsLabel.text = LocalizationManager.Get("ui.render_config.planet_colors");
-        planetColorsLabel.color = ctx.Theme.TextDim;
+        var planetColorsLabel = CreateLabel(ctx, advContent, "ui.render_config.planet_colors");
         // ReSharper disable once InconsistentNaming
         var planetLabelLE = planetColorsLabel.gameObject.AddComponent<LayoutElement>();
         planetLabelLE.preferredHeight = 18f;
@@ -609,11 +599,13 @@ internal static class RenderConfigWindow
 
         var fireSlot = CreateFieldSlot(fireCol);
         _firePlanetToggle = CreateToggleField(
-            ctx, fireSlot, "",
-            false, config.AdvancedConfig.firePlanetColor.HasValue,
-            LocalizationManager.Get("ui.render_config.fire_planet"),
-            "toggle_fire_planet",
-            val =>
+            ctx, fireSlot,
+            labelKey: "",
+            defaultValue: false,
+            value: config.AdvancedConfig.firePlanetColor.HasValue,
+            toggleTextKey: "ui.render_config.fire_planet",
+            id: "toggle_fire_planet",
+            onChanged: val =>
             {
                 _firePlanetPicker?.SetBlocked(!val);
                 config.AdvancedConfig.firePlanetColor = val ? _firePlanetPicker?.Value : null;
@@ -643,11 +635,13 @@ internal static class RenderConfigWindow
 
         var iceSlot = CreateFieldSlot(iceCol);
         _icePlanetToggle = CreateToggleField(
-            ctx, iceSlot, "",
-            false, config.AdvancedConfig.icePlanetColor.HasValue,
-            LocalizationManager.Get("ui.render_config.ice_planet"),
-            "toggle_ice_planet",
-            val =>
+            ctx, iceSlot,
+            labelKey: "",
+            defaultValue: false,
+            value: config.AdvancedConfig.icePlanetColor.HasValue,
+            toggleTextKey: "ui.render_config.ice_planet",
+            id: "toggle_ice_planet",
+            onChanged: val =>
             {
                 _icePlanetPicker?.SetBlocked(!val);
                 config.AdvancedConfig.icePlanetColor = val ? _icePlanetPicker?.Value : null;
@@ -677,11 +671,13 @@ internal static class RenderConfigWindow
 
         var windSlot = CreateFieldSlot(windCol);
         _windPlanetToggle = CreateToggleField(
-            ctx, windSlot, "",
-            false, config.AdvancedConfig.windPlanetColor.HasValue,
-            LocalizationManager.Get("ui.render_config.wind_planet"),
-            "toggle_wind_planet",
-            val =>
+            ctx, windSlot,
+            labelKey: "",
+            defaultValue: false,
+            value: config.AdvancedConfig.windPlanetColor.HasValue,
+            toggleTextKey: "ui.render_config.wind_planet",
+            id: "toggle_wind_planet",
+            onChanged: val =>
             {
                 _windPlanetPicker?.SetBlocked(!val);
                 config.AdvancedConfig.windPlanetColor = val ? _windPlanetPicker?.Value : null;
@@ -710,20 +706,17 @@ internal static class RenderConfigWindow
         }
 
         // 8. Go Render Button
-        O5Factory.Button(
+        CreateButton(
             ctx, scrollContent,
-            TryGoRender,
-            LocalizationManager.Get("ui.render_config.go_render"),
+            "ui.render_config.go_render",
             "btn_go_render",
+            onClick: TryGoRender,
             height: 48f
         );
 
         // 9. Version Label
         var versionLabel = O5Factory.ControlText(ctx, scrollContent, 12f, noPad: true);
-        var versionText = $"ADOFAI Renderer v{Melon<RenderMod>.Instance.Info.Version}";
-        if (DateTime.UtcNow >= RenderMod.ExpirationTime) versionText += " " + LocalizationManager.Get("ui.render_config.expired");
-        
-        versionLabel.text = versionText;
+        LocalizedText.Bind(versionLabel, GetVersionText);
         versionLabel.alignment = TMPro.TextAlignmentOptions.Center;
         versionLabel.color = ctx.Theme.TextDim;
 
@@ -847,6 +840,10 @@ internal static class RenderConfigWindow
     {
         if (_renderFpsSlider != null) target.RenderFPS = _renderFpsSlider.Value;
         if (_videoFPSSlider != null) target.VideoFPS = _videoFPSSlider.Value;
+
+        target.RenderFPS = AlignNTSCFramerate(target.RenderFPS);
+        target.VideoFPS = AlignNTSCFramerate(target.VideoFPS);
+        
         if (_renderWidthSlider != null) target.RenderWidth = (int)Math.Round(_renderWidthSlider.Value);
         if (_renderHeightSlider != null) target.RenderHeight = (int)Math.Round(_renderHeightSlider.Value);
         if (_delayAfterEndSlider != null) target.DelayAfterEnd = _delayAfterEndSlider.Value;
@@ -902,6 +899,20 @@ internal static class RenderConfigWindow
         target.AdvancedConfig.windPlanetColor = (_windPlanetToggle?.Value == true && _windPlanetPicker != null)
             ? _windPlanetPicker.Value
             : null;
+
+        return;
+
+        // ReSharper disable once InconsistentNaming
+        double AlignNTSCFramerate(double framerate)
+        {
+            const double tolerance = 0.001;
+            
+            if (Math.Abs(framerate - 29.97) < tolerance) framerate = 30000.0 / 1001;
+            else if (Math.Abs(framerate - 59.94) < tolerance) framerate = 60000.0 / 1001;
+            else if (Math.Abs(framerate - 23.976) < tolerance || Math.Abs(framerate - 23.98) < tolerance) framerate = 24000.0 / 1001;
+
+            return framerate;
+        }
     }
 
     private static string CustomPresetLabel => LocalizationManager.Get("ui.render_config.preset_custom");
@@ -926,6 +937,7 @@ internal static class RenderConfigWindow
 
     private static void OnPresetSelected(string? selectedName, RenderConfig config)
     {
+        ResetDeletePendingState();
         if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(selectedName) || selectedName == CustomPresetLabel) return;
         var preset = PresetManager.GetPresets().FirstOrDefault(p => string.Equals(p.Name, selectedName, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase));
         if (preset == null) return;
@@ -953,7 +965,7 @@ internal static class RenderConfigWindow
     {
         SyncUItoConfig(config);
 
-        var name = _presetNameInput?.Value?.Trim();
+        var name = _presetNameInput?.Value.Trim();
         if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(name) || name == CustomPresetLabel)
         {
             CommonWarningDialogUI.ShowDialog(
@@ -1010,20 +1022,62 @@ internal static class RenderConfigWindow
             }
         }
 
-        var ctx = RendererUIManager.Context;
-        CommonWarningDialogUI.ShowDialog(
-            LocalizationManager.Get("ui.render_config.preset_delete_title"),
-            LocalizationManager.Get("ui.render_config.preset_delete_desc", targetPresetName),
-            new DialogButton(
-                LocalizationManager.Get("ui.render_config.confirm"),
-                () => DoDeletePreset(targetPresetName, config),
-                ctx.Theme.SoftRed
-            ),
-            new DialogButton(
-                LocalizationManager.Get("ui.render_config.cancel"),
-                () => { }
-            )
-        );
+        if (!_isDeletePending)
+        {
+            _isDeletePending = true;
+            if (_deletePresetButtonLE != null) _deletePresetButtonLE.preferredWidth = 110f;
+            if (_deletePresetButton != null)
+            {
+                if (_deletePresetButton.Label != null)
+                {
+                    _deletePresetButton.Label.text = LocalizationManager.Get("ui.render_config.preset_delete_confirm");
+                }
+                _deletePresetButton.NormalColor = new Color(0.95f, 0.25f, 0.25f, 1f);
+                _deletePresetButton.UpdateVisual();
+            }
+
+            if (_deleteResetCoroutine != null)
+            {
+                RendererUIManager.Instance.StopCoroutine(_deleteResetCoroutine);
+            }
+            _deleteResetCoroutine = RendererUIManager.Instance.StartCoroutine(ResetDeletePendingAfterDelay());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        ResetDeletePendingState();
+        DoDeletePreset(targetPresetName, config);
+    }
+
+    private static System.Collections.IEnumerator ResetDeletePendingAfterDelay()
+    {
+        yield return new WaitForSeconds(3f);
+        ResetDeletePendingState();
+    }
+
+    private static void ResetDeletePendingState()
+    {
+        if (_deleteResetCoroutine != null)
+        {
+            RendererUIManager.Instance.StopCoroutine(_deleteResetCoroutine);
+            _deleteResetCoroutine = null;
+        }
+
+        if (!_isDeletePending && (_deletePresetButton == null || _deletePresetButton.Label?.text == LocalizationManager.Get("ui.render_config.preset_delete")))
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        _isDeletePending = false;
+        if (_deletePresetButtonLE) _deletePresetButtonLE.preferredWidth = 90f;
+        if (_deletePresetButton != null)
+        {
+            if (_deletePresetButton.Label != null)
+            {
+                _deletePresetButton.Label.text = LocalizationManager.Get("ui.render_config.preset_delete");
+            }
+            _deletePresetButton.NormalColor = RendererUIManager.Context.Theme.SoftRed;
+            _deletePresetButton.UpdateVisual();
+        }
     }
 
     private static void DoDeletePreset(string name, RenderConfig config)
@@ -1048,6 +1102,7 @@ internal static class RenderConfigWindow
 
     private static void ReloadPresetDropdown(string? selectName = null)
     {
+        ResetDeletePendingState();
         var presets = PresetManager.GetPresets();
         var names = presets.Select(p => p.Name).ToList();
         if (names.Count == 0)
@@ -1087,6 +1142,26 @@ internal static class RenderConfigWindow
         _deletePresetButton?.SetBlocked(!canDelete);
     }
 
+    private static void OnLanguageChanged(SystemLanguage language)
+    {
+        if (_configWindow == null) return;
+
+        if (_presetDropdown != null)
+        {
+            var cur = _presetDropdown.Value;
+            var isCustom = cur == "(Modified)" || cur == "(수정됨)" || cur == CustomPresetLabel;
+            ReloadPresetDropdown(isCustom ? CustomPresetLabel : cur);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static string GetVersionText()
+    {
+        var versionText = $"ADOFAI Renderer v{Melon<RenderMod>.Instance.Info.Version}";
+        if (DateTime.UtcNow >= RenderMod.ExpirationTime)
+            versionText += " " + LocalizationManager.Get("ui.render_config.expired");
+        return versionText;
+    }
+
     private static void ShowValidationError(string message)
     {
         Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Error(message);
@@ -1189,23 +1264,139 @@ internal static class RenderConfigWindow
         return slotRect;
     }
 
+    // ReSharper disable once UnusedTupleComponentInReturnValue
+    private static (RectTransform card, RectTransform content) CreateCard(
+        O5Context ctx,
+        Transform parent,
+        string titleKey,
+        bool activeValue = true,
+        Action<bool>? onActiveChanged = null,
+        Action? onDeleteClick = null,
+        bool showDeleteButton = false,
+        bool showActiveToggle = false)
+    {
+        var (card, content) = O5Factory.Card(
+            ctx,
+            parent,
+            LocalizationManager.Get(titleKey),
+            activeValue,
+            onActiveChanged,
+            onDeleteClick,
+            showDeleteButton,
+            showActiveToggle
+        );
+
+        var titleTmp = card.Find("Header/TitleTrigger/TitleText")?.GetComponent<TMPro.TextMeshProUGUI>()
+            ?? card.GetComponentsInChildren<TMPro.TextMeshProUGUI>(true).FirstOrDefault(t => t.gameObject.name == "TitleText");
+        if (titleTmp)
+        {
+            titleTmp.fontSize = 18f;
+            LocalizedText.Bind(titleTmp, titleKey);
+        }
+
+        return (card, content);
+    }
+
+    private static TMPro.TextMeshProUGUI CreateLabel(
+        O5Context ctx,
+        Transform parent,
+        string textKey,
+        float fontSize = 13f,
+        bool noPad = true,
+        Color? color = null)
+    {
+        var label = O5Factory.ControlText(ctx, parent, fontSize, noPad: noPad);
+        label.text = LocalizationManager.Get(textKey);
+        label.color = color ?? ctx.Theme.TextDim;
+        LocalizedText.Bind(label, textKey);
+        return label;
+    }
+
+    private static O5Slider CreateSlider(
+        O5Context ctx,
+        Transform parent,
+        string labelKey,
+        string id,
+        double defaultValue,
+        double min,
+        double max,
+        double value,
+        string format = "F0",
+        ClampMode clampMode = ClampMode.All,
+        Func<double, double>? sliderFilter = null,
+        Func<double, double>? inputFilter = null,
+        Action<double>? onChanged = null,
+        Action<double>? onComplete = null,
+        bool showFill = true)
+    {
+        var slider = O5Factory.Slider(
+            ctx: ctx,
+            parent: parent,
+            defaultValue: defaultValue,
+            min: min,
+            max: max,
+            value: value,
+            format: format,
+            clampMode: clampMode,
+            sliderFilter: sliderFilter,
+            inputFilter: inputFilter,
+            onComplete: onComplete,
+            onChanged: onChanged,
+            text: LocalizationManager.Get(labelKey),
+            id: id,
+            showFill: showFill
+        );
+
+        if (slider.Label != null)
+        {
+            LocalizedText.Bind(slider.Label, labelKey);
+        }
+
+        return slider;
+    }
+
+    private static O5Button CreateButton(
+        O5Context ctx,
+        Transform parent,
+        string textKey,
+        string id,
+        Action onClick,
+        float? height = null)
+    {
+        var button = O5Factory.Button(
+            ctx: ctx,
+            parent: parent,
+            onClick: onClick,
+            text: LocalizationManager.Get(textKey),
+            id: id,
+            height: height
+        );
+
+        if (button.Label != null)
+        {
+            LocalizedText.Bind(button.Label, textKey);
+        }
+
+        return button;
+    }
+
     private static O5InputField CreateInputField(
         O5Context ctx,
         Transform colParent,
-        string labelText,
+        string labelKey,
         string? defaultValue,
         string value,
         string id,
         TMPro.TMP_InputField.CharacterValidation characterValidation = TMPro.TMP_InputField.CharacterValidation.None,
         Action<string>? onChanged = null)
     {
-        return CreateInputField(ctx, colParent, labelText, defaultValue, value, id, out _, characterValidation, onChanged);
+        return CreateInputField(ctx, colParent, labelKey, defaultValue, value, id, out _, characterValidation, onChanged);
     }
 
     private static O5InputField CreateInputField(
         O5Context ctx,
         Transform colParent,
-        string labelText,
+        string labelKey,
         string? defaultValue,
         string value,
         string id,
@@ -1214,8 +1405,9 @@ internal static class RenderConfigWindow
         Action<string>? onChanged = null)
     {
         label = O5Factory.ControlText(ctx, colParent, 13f, noPad: true);
-        label.text = labelText;
+        label.text = LocalizationManager.Get(labelKey);
         label.color = ctx.Theme.TextDim;
+        LocalizedText.Bind(label, labelKey);
         
         // ReSharper disable once InconsistentNaming
         var labelLE = label.gameObject.AddComponent<LayoutElement>();
@@ -1228,11 +1420,16 @@ internal static class RenderConfigWindow
             defaultValue: defaultValue,
             value: value,
             onChanged: onChanged,
-            placeholder: labelText,
+            placeholder: LocalizationManager.Get(labelKey),
             icon: null,
             id: id
         );
 
+        if (inputField.Placeholder != null)
+        {
+            LocalizedText.Bind(inputField.Placeholder, labelKey);
+        }
+
         inputField.InputField.characterValidation = characterValidation;
         return inputField;
     }
@@ -1291,7 +1488,7 @@ internal static class RenderConfigWindow
     private static O5InputField CreateFullWidthInputField(
         O5Context ctx,
         Transform parent,
-        string labelText,
+        string labelKey,
         string? defaultValue,
         string value,
         string id,
@@ -1309,8 +1506,9 @@ internal static class RenderConfigWindow
         layout.childForceExpandHeight = false;
 
         var label = O5Factory.ControlText(ctx, containerRect, 13f, noPad: true);
-        label.text = labelText;
+        label.text = LocalizationManager.Get(labelKey);
         label.color = ctx.Theme.TextDim;
+        LocalizedText.Bind(label, labelKey);
         
         // ReSharper disable once InconsistentNaming
         var labelLE = label.gameObject.AddComponent<LayoutElement>();
@@ -1323,21 +1521,26 @@ internal static class RenderConfigWindow
             defaultValue: defaultValue,
             value: value,
             onChanged: onChanged,
-            placeholder: labelText,
+            placeholder: LocalizationManager.Get(labelKey),
             icon: null,
             id: id
         );
 
+        if (input.Placeholder != null)
+        {
+            LocalizedText.Bind(input.Placeholder, labelKey);
+        }
+
         return input;
     }
 
     private static O5Toggle CreateToggleField(
         O5Context ctx,
         Transform colParent,
-        string labelText,
+        string labelKey,
         bool? defaultValue,
         bool value,
-        string toggleText,
+        string toggleTextKey,
         string id,
         Action<bool>? onChanged = null,
         bool generateLabel = true)
@@ -1345,8 +1548,9 @@ internal static class RenderConfigWindow
         if (generateLabel)
         {
             var label = O5Factory.ControlText(ctx, colParent, 13f, noPad: true);
-            label.text = labelText;
+            label.text = string.IsNullOrEmpty(labelKey) ? "" : LocalizationManager.Get(labelKey);
             label.color = ctx.Theme.TextDim;
+            LocalizedText.Bind(label, labelKey);
 
             // ReSharper disable once InconsistentNaming
             var labelLE = label.gameObject.AddComponent<LayoutElement>();
@@ -1354,21 +1558,28 @@ internal static class RenderConfigWindow
             labelLE.minHeight = 18f;
         }
 
-        return O5Factory.Toggle(
+        var toggle = O5Factory.Toggle(
             ctx: ctx,
             parent: colParent,
             defaultValue: defaultValue,
             value: value,
             onChanged: onChanged,
-            text: toggleText,
+            text: !string.IsNullOrEmpty(toggleTextKey) ? LocalizationManager.Get(toggleTextKey) : "",
             id: id
         );
+
+        if (toggle.Label != null && !string.IsNullOrEmpty(toggleTextKey))
+        {
+            LocalizedText.Bind(toggle.Label, toggleTextKey);
+        }
+
+        return toggle;
     }
 
     private static O5Dropdown<T> CreateDropdownField<T>(
         O5Context ctx,
         Transform colParent,
-        string labelText,
+        string labelKey,
         T defaultValue,
         T value,
         IReadOnlyList<T> values,
@@ -1377,8 +1588,9 @@ internal static class RenderConfigWindow
         Action<T>? onChanged = null)
     {
         var label = O5Factory.ControlText(ctx, colParent, 13f, noPad: true);
-        label.text = labelText;
+        label.text = LocalizationManager.Get(labelKey);
         label.color = ctx.Theme.TextDim;
+        LocalizedText.Bind(label, labelKey);
         
         // ReSharper disable once InconsistentNaming
         var labelLE = label.gameObject.AddComponent<LayoutElement>();

Util/Audio/AudioSpectrumGenerator.cs

@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ internal static class AudioSpectrumGenerator
             return;
         }
 
-        var currentFrame = (RenderManager.Instance != null) ? RenderManager.Instance.frameCount : -1;
+        var currentFrame = RenderManager.Instance ? RenderManager.Instance.frameCount : -1;
 
         lock (CachedSpectrums)
         {

Util/Audio/AudioSyncCalculator.cs

@@ -15,11 +15,6 @@ internal class AudioSyncCalculator
     {
         _sampleRate = sampleRate;
         _fpsRational = RationalUtil.Double2MaxPrecisionInt(fps);
-
-        // NTSC
-        if (Math.Abs(fps - 29.97) < 0.001) _fpsRational = (30000, 1001);
-        if (Math.Abs(fps - 59.94) < 0.001) _fpsRational = (60000, 1001);
-        if (Math.Abs(fps - 23.976) < 0.001 || Math.Abs(fps - 23.98) < 0.001) _fpsRational = (24000, 1001);
     }
 
     public void Reset()

Util/FFmpeg/FFmpegNativeDecoder.cs

@@ -191,6 +191,13 @@ internal sealed unsafe class FFmpegNativeDecoder : IDisposable
     private bool _isOpened;
     private bool _disposed;
     private bool _isDraining;
+
+    /// <summary>Number of video packets skipped because the decoder rejected them as invalid data.</summary>
+    private int _skippedPacketCount;
+
+    /// <summary>Number of skipped packets for which a warning is logged.</summary>
+    private const int MaxLoggedSkippedPackets = 5;
+
     private readonly object _lock = new();
 
     // Fields to detect SwsContext updates
@@ -199,6 +206,12 @@ internal sealed unsafe class FFmpegNativeDecoder : IDisposable
     private int _srcWidth;
     private int _srcHeight;
 
+    /// <summary>YUV→RGB matrix id (<c>SWS_CS_*</c>) applied to the context. 0 when no matrix is set (non-RGBA output).</summary>
+    private int _srcSwsColorspace;
+
+    /// <summary>Whether the source range applied to the context is the full range.</summary>
+    private bool _srcFullRange;
+
     // ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
     // Public Properties
     // ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
@@ -289,6 +302,59 @@ internal sealed unsafe class FFmpegNativeDecoder : IDisposable
         }
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Color matrix id used to convert the YUV frames of this stream to RGB, selected from the colorspace tag of the stream.
+    /// The ids are shared with the <c>ColorMatrix</c> uniform of ColorConversion.compute:
+    /// 0 = BT.709 (also used when the stream has no usable tag), 1 = BT.601, 2 = BT.2020 (non-constant luminance).
+    /// </summary>
+    public int ColorMatrix
+    {
+        get
+        {
+            lock (_lock)
+            {
+                if (_pCodecContext != null && _pCodecContext->colorspace != AVColorSpace.AVCOL_SPC_UNSPECIFIED)
+                {
+                    return GetColorMatrixId(_pCodecContext->colorspace);
+                }
+                if (_pFormatContext != null && _videoStreamIndex >= 0)
+                {
+                    return GetColorMatrixId(_pFormatContext->streams[_videoStreamIndex]->codecpar->color_space);
+                }
+                return ColorMatrixBT709;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>Color matrix id of BT.709.</summary>
+    // ReSharper disable InconsistentNaming
+    public const int ColorMatrixBT709 = 0;
+
+    /// <summary>Color matrix id of BT.601 (SMPTE 170M / BT.470 BG).</summary>
+    public const int ColorMatrixBT601 = 1;
+
+    /// <summary>Color matrix id of BT.2020 (non-constant luminance).</summary>
+    public const int ColorMatrixBT2020 = 2;
+    // ReSharper restore InconsistentNaming
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Converts a colorspace tag to a color matrix id (see <see cref="ColorMatrix"/>).
+    /// Tags that have no matrix of their own (unspecified, RGB, other standards) use BT.709.
+    /// </summary>
+    private static int GetColorMatrixId(AVColorSpace colorspace)
+    {
+        switch (colorspace)
+        {
+            case AVColorSpace.AVCOL_SPC_SMPTE170M:
+            case AVColorSpace.AVCOL_SPC_BT470BG:
+                return ColorMatrixBT601;
+            case AVColorSpace.AVCOL_SPC_BT2020_NCL:
+                return ColorMatrixBT2020;
+            default:
+                return ColorMatrixBT709;
+        }
+    }
+
     /// <summary>
     /// Gets a value indicating whether hardware-accelerated decoding is currently active.
     /// </summary>
@@ -371,6 +437,16 @@ internal sealed unsafe class FFmpegNativeDecoder : IDisposable
                 if (_videoStreamIndex == -1)
                     throw new Exception("Failed to find video stream.");
 
+                // Only the video stream is used. The demuxer does not need to return the packets of the other streams
+                // (audio, subtitles, ...) once they are marked as discarded.
+                // Reference: AVStream.discard - "Selects which packets can be discarded at will and do not need to be demuxed."
+                // https://ffmpeg.org/doxygen/trunk/structAVStream.html
+                for (int i = 0; i < _pFormatContext->nb_streams; i++)
+                {
+                    if (i != _videoStreamIndex)
+                        _pFormatContext->streams[i]->discard = AVDiscard.AVDISCARD_ALL;
+                }
+
                 var stream = _pFormatContext->streams[_videoStreamIndex];
                 _timeBase = stream->time_base;
 
@@ -441,9 +517,13 @@ internal sealed unsafe class FFmpegNativeDecoder : IDisposable
                     TotalFrames = 0;
                 }
 
-                Duration = _pFormatContext->duration > 0
-                    ? _pFormatContext->duration / (double)ffmpeg.AV_TIME_BASE
-                    : (stream->duration > 0 ? stream->duration * ffmpeg.av_q2d(stream->time_base) : 0);
+                // Duration of the video stream (AVStream.duration, in the stream time base).
+                // When the stream does not carry a duration, the container duration (AVFormatContext.duration,
+                // in AV_TIME_BASE units, the longest of all streams) is used.
+                // Reference: https://ffmpeg.org/doxygen/trunk/structAVStream.html, https://ffmpeg.org/doxygen/trunk/structAVFormatContext.html
+                Duration = stream->duration > 0
+                    ? stream->duration * ffmpeg.av_q2d(stream->time_base)
+                    : _pFormatContext->duration > 0 ? _pFormatContext->duration / (double)ffmpeg.AV_TIME_BASE : 0;
 
                 // 9. Allocate frame and packet buffers
                 // Reference: https://ffmpeg.org/doxygen/trunk/group__lavu__frame.html
@@ -655,6 +735,8 @@ internal sealed unsafe class FFmpegNativeDecoder : IDisposable
     /// <summary>
     /// Reads packets from the container until a packet belonging to the video stream is found,
     /// then sends it to the decoder via <c>avcodec_send_packet</c>.
+    /// A packet that the decoder rejects as invalid data (<c>AVERROR_INVALIDDATA</c>, e.g. a damaged packet)
+    /// is skipped and the next packet is read. Any other decoder error is thrown.
     /// Reference: https://ffmpeg.org/doxygen/trunk/group__lavc__encdec.html
     /// </summary>
     /// <returns>True if a video packet was sent; false on EOF.</returns>
@@ -670,6 +752,18 @@ internal sealed unsafe class FFmpegNativeDecoder : IDisposable
             {
                 ret = ffmpeg.avcodec_send_packet(_pCodecContext, _pPacket);
                 ffmpeg.av_packet_unref(_pPacket);
+
+                if (ret == ffmpeg.AVERROR_INVALIDDATA)
+                {
+                    // The warning is logged for the first few packets only (a damaged file can have many).
+                    _skippedPacketCount++;
+                    if (_skippedPacketCount <= MaxLoggedSkippedPackets)
+                    {
+                        Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Warning($"[FFmpegNativeDecoder] Skipped an invalid video packet ({_skippedPacketCount}): {GetFFmpegErrorString(ret)}");
+                    }
+                    continue;
+                }
+
                 if (ret < 0)
                 {
                     throw new Exception($"Error sending packet to decoder: {GetFFmpegErrorString(ret)}");
@@ -743,12 +837,67 @@ internal sealed unsafe class FFmpegNativeDecoder : IDisposable
     }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// Lazily initializes or updates the <see cref="SwsContext"/> when source/destination formats or dimensions change.
+    /// Selects the YUV→RGB conversion matrix (libswscale <c>SWS_CS_*</c>) from the colorspace tag of a frame.
+    /// The matrix set is the same as that of the compute shader path (ColorConversion.compute, <c>ColorMatrix</c> uniform):
+    /// BT.709 (also for frames without a usable tag), BT.601 and BT.2020, so both paths give the same colors.
+    /// Reference: https://ffmpeg.org/doxygen/trunk/group__libsws.html (sws_getCoefficients)
+    /// </summary>
+    private static int GetSwsColorspace(AVColorSpace colorspace)
+    {
+        switch (GetColorMatrixId(colorspace))
+        {
+            case ColorMatrixBT601:
+                return ffmpeg.SWS_CS_ITU601;
+            case ColorMatrixBT2020:
+                return ffmpeg.SWS_CS_BT2020;
+            default:
+                return ffmpeg.SWS_CS_ITU709;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Returns true when the Y/U/V samples of the frame use the full range (0-255) instead of the limited range (16-235 / 16-240).
+    /// The range is given by the frame's color_range tag or by a deprecated full range pixel format (YUVJ*).
+    /// </summary>
+    private static bool IsFullRange(AVFrame* frame)
+    {
+        if (frame->color_range == AVColorRange.AVCOL_RANGE_JPEG) return true;
+
+        switch ((AVPixelFormat)frame->format)
+        {
+            case AVPixelFormat.AV_PIX_FMT_YUVJ420P:
+            case AVPixelFormat.AV_PIX_FMT_YUVJ422P:
+            case AVPixelFormat.AV_PIX_FMT_YUVJ444P:
+            case AVPixelFormat.AV_PIX_FMT_YUVJ440P:
+                return true;
+            default:
+                return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Lazily initializes or updates the <see cref="SwsContext"/> when source/destination formats, dimensions,
+    /// or (for RGBA output) the colorspace / range of the source frame change.
+    /// For RGBA output the YUV→RGB matrix and the source range are taken from <paramref name="colorFrame"/>.
     /// Reference: https://ffmpeg.org/doxygen/trunk/group__libsws.html
     /// </summary>
-    private void InitOrUpdateSwsContext(AVPixelFormat srcFormat, int srcWidth, int srcHeight, AVPixelFormat dstFormat)
+    /// <param name="srcFormat">Pixel format of the source frame.</param>
+    /// <param name="srcWidth">Width of the source frame in pixels.</param>
+    /// <param name="srcHeight">Height of the source frame in pixels.</param>
+    /// <param name="dstFormat">Pixel format of the output.</param>
+    /// <param name="colorFrame">Source frame whose colorspace / range tags are applied. Required for RGBA output.</param>
+    private void InitOrUpdateSwsContext(AVPixelFormat srcFormat, int srcWidth, int srcHeight, AVPixelFormat dstFormat, AVFrame* colorFrame = null)
     {
-        if (_pSwsContext != null && _srcPixFmt == srcFormat && _srcWidth == srcWidth && _srcHeight == srcHeight && _dstPixFmt == dstFormat)
+        var swsColorspace = 0;
+        var fullRange = false;
+        if (colorFrame != null && dstFormat == AVPixelFormat.AV_PIX_FMT_RGBA)
+        {
+            swsColorspace = GetSwsColorspace(colorFrame->colorspace);
+            fullRange = IsFullRange(colorFrame);
+        }
+
+        if (_pSwsContext != null && _srcPixFmt == srcFormat && _srcWidth == srcWidth && _srcHeight == srcHeight && _dstPixFmt == dstFormat
+            && _srcSwsColorspace == swsColorspace && _srcFullRange == fullRange)
         {
             return;
         }
@@ -763,6 +912,8 @@ internal sealed unsafe class FFmpegNativeDecoder : IDisposable
         _srcWidth = srcWidth;
         _srcHeight = srcHeight;
         _dstPixFmt = dstFormat;
+        _srcSwsColorspace = swsColorspace;
+        _srcFullRange = fullRange;
 
         _pSwsContext = ffmpeg.sws_getContext(
             srcWidth, srcHeight, srcFormat,
@@ -774,6 +925,44 @@ internal sealed unsafe class FFmpegNativeDecoder : IDisposable
         {
             throw new Exception($"Failed to initialize SwsContext (src: {srcFormat} {srcWidth}x{srcHeight} -> dst: {dstFormat} {Width}x{Height}).");
         }
+
+        if (swsColorspace != 0)
+        {
+            ApplySwsColorspace(swsColorspace, fullRange);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Sets the YUV→RGB matrix and the source range of <see cref="_pSwsContext"/>.
+    /// The destination range, brightness, contrast and saturation keep the values of the context.
+    /// Reference: https://ffmpeg.org/doxygen/trunk/group__libsws.html (sws_setColorspaceDetails)
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="swsColorspace">Matrix id (<c>SWS_CS_*</c>) of the source.</param>
+    /// <param name="fullRange">True when the source uses the full range.</param>
+    private void ApplySwsColorspace(int swsColorspace, bool fullRange)
+    {
+        int* currentInvTable;
+        int* currentTable;
+        int srcRange, dstRange, brightness, contrast, saturation;
+
+        // Returns a negative value when the context cannot change its colorspace details (e.g. YUV to YUV conversion).
+        if (ffmpeg.sws_getColorspaceDetails(_pSwsContext, &currentInvTable, &srcRange, &currentTable, &dstRange,
+                &brightness, &contrast, &saturation) < 0)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        var coefficients = ffmpeg.sws_getCoefficients(swsColorspace);
+        var invTable = new int_array4();
+        var table = new int_array4();
+        for (uint i = 0; i < 4; i++)
+        {
+            invTable[i] = coefficients[i];
+            table[i] = currentTable[i];
+        }
+
+        ffmpeg.sws_setColorspaceDetails(_pSwsContext, invTable, fullRange ? 1 : 0, table, dstRange,
+            brightness, contrast, saturation);
     }
 
     /// <summary>
@@ -865,7 +1054,7 @@ internal sealed unsafe class FFmpegNativeDecoder : IDisposable
             if (frame == null) return false;
 
             timestamp = GetTimestampAndUpdateIndex(frame);
-            InitOrUpdateSwsContext((AVPixelFormat)frame->format, frame->width, frame->height, AVPixelFormat.AV_PIX_FMT_RGBA);
+            InitOrUpdateSwsContext((AVPixelFormat)frame->format, frame->width, frame->height, AVPixelFormat.AV_PIX_FMT_RGBA, frame);
 
             ClearConvertedFramePointers();
             if (vflip)
@@ -1212,107 +1401,24 @@ internal sealed unsafe class FFmpegNativeDecoder : IDisposable
     // ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// Decodes and discards a specified number of frames immediately without GPU-to-CPU transfer overhead.
+    /// Maximum distance in frames over which <see cref="SeekToTime"/> moves forward by decoding.
+    /// Decoding forward needs no keyframe seek and no decoder flush, which is cheaper than seeking for short distances.
     /// </summary>
-    /// <param name="count">Number of frames to discard.</param>
-    private void SkipFrames(int count)
-    {
-        lock (_lock)
-        {
-            if (!_isOpened || _disposed) return;
-            if (count <= 0) return;
-
-            int skipped = 0;
-            if (_hasCachedFrame)
-            {
-                ffmpeg.av_frame_unref(_pCachedFrame);
-                _hasCachedFrame = false;
-                skipped++;
-            }
-
-            while (skipped < count)
-            {
-                int ret = ffmpeg.avcodec_receive_frame(_pCodecContext, _pDecodedFrame);
-                if (ret == 0)
-                {
-                    GetTimestampAndUpdateIndex(_pDecodedFrame);
-                    ffmpeg.av_frame_unref(_pDecodedFrame);
-                    skipped++;
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                if (ret == ffmpeg.AVERROR(ffmpeg.EAGAIN))
-                {
-                    if (_isDraining) break;
-
-                    if (!ReadAndSendPacket())
-                    {
-                        _isDraining = true;
-                        ffmpeg.avcodec_send_packet(_pCodecContext, null);
-                    }
-                }
-                else if (ret == ffmpeg.AVERROR_EOF)
-                {
-                    break;
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    throw new Exception($"Error skipping frames: {GetFFmpegErrorString(ret)}");
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
+    private const int MaxForwardDecodeFrames = 60;
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// Seeks to a specific playback time in seconds using backward keyframe seek followed by forward decode.
-    /// Intermediate frames are discarded without GPU-to-host memory transfer to maximize seek speed;
-    /// only the target frame is transferred and preserved in <see cref="_pCachedFrame"/>.
+    /// Decodes forward from the current decoder position until the first frame whose presentation time is at least
+    /// <paramref name="timeSeconds"/> minus half a frame, and keeps that frame in <see cref="_pCachedFrame"/>
+    /// for the next <c>TryRead*</c> call.
+    /// Frames before the target are discarded without GPU-to-host memory transfer; only the target frame is transferred.
+    /// When the end of the stream is reached before the target, no frame is cached.
     /// </summary>
-    /// <param name="timeSeconds">Target time in seconds to seek to.</param>
-    public void SeekToTime(double timeSeconds)
+    /// <param name="timeSeconds">Target time in seconds.</param>
+    private void DecodeToTarget(double timeSeconds)
     {
-        lock (_lock)
-        {
-            if (!_isOpened || _disposed) return;
-
-            if (timeSeconds < 0) timeSeconds = 0;
-            double targetFrameIndex = timeSeconds * FPS;
-
-            // If already at target index or very close future, skip frames instead of seek to avoid I-frame seek latency
-            bool useSkip = targetFrameIndex >= _currentFrameIndex && targetFrameIndex - _currentFrameIndex < 60;
-            if (useSkip)
-            {
-                SkipFrames((int)(targetFrameIndex - _currentFrameIndex));
-                return;
-            }
-
-            if (_hasCachedFrame)
-            {
-                ffmpeg.av_frame_unref(_pCachedFrame);
-                _hasCachedFrame = false;
-            }
-
-            long targetPts = (long)Math.Round(timeSeconds / ffmpeg.av_q2d(_timeBase));
-            int ret = ffmpeg.av_seek_frame(_pFormatContext, _videoStreamIndex, targetPts, ffmpeg.AVSEEK_FLAG_BACKWARD);
-            if (ret < 0)
-            {
-                // Fallback to beginning of file on seek failure
-                ret = ffmpeg.av_seek_frame(_pFormatContext, _videoStreamIndex, 0, ffmpeg.AVSEEK_FLAG_BACKWARD);
-                if (ret < 0)
-                {
-                    throw new Exception($"Seek failed: {GetFFmpegErrorString(ret)}");
-                }
-            }
-
-            // Flush decoder internal buffers
-            // Reference: https://ffmpeg.org/doxygen/trunk/group__lavc__encdec.html
-            ffmpeg.avcodec_flush_buffers(_pCodecContext);
-            _isDraining = false;
-
-            // Decode frames until reaching the target presentation timestamp
         while (true)
         {
-                ret = ffmpeg.avcodec_receive_frame(_pCodecContext, _pDecodedFrame);
+            int ret = ffmpeg.avcodec_receive_frame(_pCodecContext, _pDecodedFrame);
             if (ret == 0)
             {
                 double currentPts = GetFrameTimestamp(_pDecodedFrame);
@@ -1343,28 +1449,18 @@ internal sealed unsafe class FFmpegNativeDecoder : IDisposable
                     }
 
                     _hasCachedFrame = true;
-                        break;
+                    return;
                 }
 
                 // Discard non-matching intermediate frame without transferring to CPU
-                    long ptsValue = _pDecodedFrame->best_effort_timestamp != ffmpeg.AV_NOPTS_VALUE
-                        ? _pDecodedFrame->best_effort_timestamp
-                        : _pDecodedFrame->pts;
-                    if (ptsValue == ffmpeg.AV_NOPTS_VALUE)
-                    {
-                        _currentFrameIndex++;
-                    }
-                    else
-                    {
-                        _currentFrameIndex = (long)Math.Round(currentPts * FPS);
-                    }
+                GetTimestampAndUpdateIndex(_pDecodedFrame);
                 ffmpeg.av_frame_unref(_pDecodedFrame);
                 continue;
             }
 
             if (ret == ffmpeg.AVERROR(ffmpeg.EAGAIN))
             {
-                    if (_isDraining) break;
+                if (_isDraining) return;
 
                 if (!ReadAndSendPacket())
                 {
@@ -1374,7 +1470,7 @@ internal sealed unsafe class FFmpegNativeDecoder : IDisposable
             }
             else if (ret == ffmpeg.AVERROR_EOF)
             {
-                    break;
+                return;
             }
             else
             {
@@ -1382,6 +1478,87 @@ internal sealed unsafe class FFmpegNativeDecoder : IDisposable
             }
         }
     }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Moves the playback position to a time in seconds.
+    /// The next <c>TryRead*</c> call returns the first frame whose presentation time is at least
+    /// <paramref name="timeSeconds"/> minus half a frame (the frame nearest to the target time).
+    /// Both paths below return that same frame:
+    ///   - Forward decode: the target is ahead of the current position by less than <see cref="MaxForwardDecodeFrames"/> frames.
+    ///     Frames are decoded and discarded up to the target.
+    ///   - Keyframe seek: all other cases (target before the current position, far ahead, or the target frame already read).
+    ///     A backward keyframe seek is followed by a forward decode up to the target.
+    /// The target frame is transferred and preserved in <see cref="_pCachedFrame"/>; when it is already there, nothing is decoded.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="timeSeconds">Target time in seconds to seek to.</param>
+    public void SeekToTime(double timeSeconds)
+    {
+        lock (_lock)
+        {
+            if (!_isOpened || _disposed) return;
+
+            if (timeSeconds < 0) timeSeconds = 0;
+
+            // Earliest presentation time that satisfies the target (target minus half a frame).
+            double threshold = timeSeconds - (0.5 / FPS);
+
+            // Index of the first frame that satisfies the target. The epsilon keeps a frame that lies exactly on the
+            // margin from being excluded by floating point rounding.
+            double targetFrameIndex = Math.Ceiling(timeSeconds * FPS - 0.5 - 1e-6);
+
+            if (_hasCachedFrame)
+            {
+                // A frame is already positioned for the next read (e.g. by a previous SeekToTime call).
+                double cachedPts = GetFrameTimestamp(_pCachedFrame);
+                if (cachedPts >= threshold)
+                {
+                    // The cached frame is the first frame that satisfies the target.
+                    // When the target lies before it, the frames in between are no longer available and a keyframe seek is required.
+                    if (cachedPts - threshold < 1.0 / FPS) return;
+                }
+                else if (targetFrameIndex - _currentFrameIndex < MaxForwardDecodeFrames)
+                {
+                    // The cached frame lies before the target: drop it and continue decoding forward.
+                    GetTimestampAndUpdateIndex(_pCachedFrame);
+                    ffmpeg.av_frame_unref(_pCachedFrame);
+                    _hasCachedFrame = false;
+                    DecodeToTarget(timeSeconds);
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+            else if (targetFrameIndex > _currentFrameIndex && targetFrameIndex - _currentFrameIndex < MaxForwardDecodeFrames)
+            {
+                // The target frame has not been read yet and is close: decode forward instead of seeking.
+                DecodeToTarget(timeSeconds);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (_hasCachedFrame)
+            {
+                ffmpeg.av_frame_unref(_pCachedFrame);
+                _hasCachedFrame = false;
+            }
+
+            long targetPts = (long)Math.Round(timeSeconds / ffmpeg.av_q2d(_timeBase));
+            int ret = ffmpeg.av_seek_frame(_pFormatContext, _videoStreamIndex, targetPts, ffmpeg.AVSEEK_FLAG_BACKWARD);
+            if (ret < 0)
+            {
+                // Fallback to beginning of file on seek failure
+                ret = ffmpeg.av_seek_frame(_pFormatContext, _videoStreamIndex, 0, ffmpeg.AVSEEK_FLAG_BACKWARD);
+                if (ret < 0)
+                {
+                    throw new Exception($"Seek failed: {GetFFmpegErrorString(ret)}");
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Flush decoder internal buffers
+            // Reference: https://ffmpeg.org/doxygen/trunk/group__lavc__encdec.html
+            ffmpeg.avcodec_flush_buffers(_pCodecContext);
+            _isDraining = false;
+
+            // Decode frames until reaching the target presentation timestamp
+            DecodeToTarget(timeSeconds);
+        }
     }
 
     /// <summary>

Util/FFmpeg/FFmpegNativeEncoder.cs

@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
             public AVCodecID AudioCodecId;
 
             /// <summary>
-            /// Audio bitrate (in bps). If default (0), 128000 bps is used.
+            /// Audio bitrate (in bps). If default (0), 256000 bps is used.
             /// For AAC, 128000–320000 bps is common.
             /// </summary>
             public int Bitrate;
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
             /// <summary>Frames per second (e.g., 60.0, 29.97, etc.).</summary>
             public double FPS;
 
-            /// <summary>Video codec type to use (H264, H265, AV1, VP9).</summary>
+            /// <summary>Video codec type to use (H264, H265, AV1, VP9, VVC).</summary>
             public Codec Codec;
 
             /// <summary>Bitrate control mode (CQP, CBR, VBR).</summary>
@@ -299,6 +299,23 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
             return GPUUtil.GetPrioritizedEncoders(_settings.Codec, _settings.ForceSoftware).ToArray();
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Expands the candidate list into (encoder, input mode) attempts in order.
+        /// A QSV encoder is attempted twice: system memory input mode (useFramePool = false) first,
+        /// then GPU frame pool input mode (useFramePool = true). Other encoders are attempted once (useFramePool = false).
+        /// </summary>
+        private static System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerable<(VideoEncoder Encoder, bool UseFramePool)> ExpandQsvInputModes(VideoEncoder[] candidates)
+        {
+            foreach (var encoder in candidates)
+            {
+                yield return (encoder, false);
+                if (encoder.Kind == EncoderKind.QSV)
+                {
+                    yield return (encoder, true);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Converts an FFmpeg error code (negative integer) to a human-readable string.
         /// e.g., -1 → "Operation not permitted"
@@ -367,7 +384,7 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
                     var candidates = GetEncoderCandidates();
                     var openedSuccessfully = false;
 
-                    foreach (var encoder in candidates)
+                    foreach (var (encoder, useFramePool) in ExpandQsvInputModes(candidates))
                     {
                         // avcodec_find_encoder_by_name: Searches for an encoder by name (e.g., "h264_nvenc").
                         // Returns null if the encoder is not included in the build.
@@ -437,16 +454,11 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
                         // framerate: Framerate value giving hints to the encoder (reciprocal of time_base).
                         //
                         // RationalUtil: Converts FPS (double) into fractional form (numerator/denominator).
-                        //   e.g., 29.97 → 30000/1001 (NTSC standard)
+                        //   e.g., 60.00 -> 60/1
                         //
                         // Reference: https://ffmpeg.org/doxygen/trunk/structAVCodecContext.html
                         var fpsRational = RationalUtil.Double2MaxPrecisionInt(_settings.FPS);
                         
-                        // NTSC
-                        if (Math.Abs(_settings.FPS - 29.97) < 0.001) fpsRational = (30000, 1001);
-                        if (Math.Abs(_settings.FPS - 59.94) < 0.001) fpsRational = (60000, 1001);
-                        if (Math.Abs(_settings.FPS - 23.976) < 0.001 || Math.Abs(_settings.FPS - 23.98) < 0.001) fpsRational = (24000, 1001);
-                        
                         _pCodecContext->time_base = new AVRational
                             { num = fpsRational.Denominator, den = fpsRational.Numerator };
                         _pCodecContext->framerate = new AVRational
@@ -519,9 +531,10 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
                         //   Strategy 3) Create QSV device directly (legacy method)
                         //               → Fallback on older drivers/systems
                         //
-                        // After obtaining device, attempt using GPU frame pool:
-                        //   hw_frames_ctx: Pre-allocate frame pool in GPU VRAM (zero-copy, highest performance)
-                        //   hw_device_ctx: Encoder reads frames directly from system memory (better compatibility)
+                        // After obtaining device, the input mode is configured (see ExpandQsvInputModes):
+                        //   Input mode 1, hw_device_ctx: Encoder receives NV12 frames from system memory (attempted first)
+                        //   Input mode 2, hw_frames_ctx: Frames are uploaded to a QSV surface pool in GPU memory
+                        //                                (attempted when the encoder cannot be opened in input mode 1)
                         //
                         // Reference: https://ffmpeg.org/doxygen/trunk/group__lavu__hwcontext.html
                         if (encoder.Kind == EncoderKind.QSV)
@@ -590,30 +603,64 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
                                 continue;
                             }
 
-                            // ── Attempt hw_frames_ctx: Pre-create GPU frame pool ──
-                            // AVHWFramesContext pre-allocates frame pool in GPU VRAM,
-                            // eliminating memory allocation/deallocation overhead for each frame.
+                            if (!useFramePool)
+                            {
+                                // ── Input mode 1 (primary): hw_device_ctx + NV12 system memory ──
+                                // The encoder receives NV12 frames in system memory (RAM) and the QSV runtime uploads them to the GPU.
                                 //
-                            // Pros: Zero-copy capability, highest performance
-                            // Cons: May fail depending on GPU/driver resolution/format constraints
-                            //       (e.g. specific texture size constraints on Intel Arc → E_INVALIDARG)
+                                // pix_fmt is the software format NV12.
+                                // _isQsvEncoder = false: WriteFrame() passes the NV12 frame to the encoder without uploading it.
+                                _pCodecContext->pix_fmt = AVPixelFormat.AV_PIX_FMT_NV12;
+                                _pCodecContext->hw_device_ctx = ffmpeg.av_buffer_ref(hwDeviceCtx);
+                                _isQsvEncoder = false;
+                                Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Msg($"{encoder.Name}: Using system memory input mode (hw_device_ctx)");
+                            }
+                            else
+                            {
+                                // ── Input mode 2 (fallback): hw_frames_ctx GPU frame pool ──
+                                // Used when the encoder cannot be opened in input mode 1.
+                                // AVHWFramesContext pre-allocates a pool of QSV surfaces in GPU memory (pix_fmt AV_PIX_FMT_QSV),
+                                // and WriteFrame() uploads each NV12 frame to a surface of the pool (av_hwframe_transfer_data).
                                 //
-                            // initial_pool_size: Number of frames to pre-allocate. Matches encoder pipeline depth.
-                            // Align resolution to multiples of 32: Texture alignment condition required by QSV hardware.
+                                // Pool creation depends on the texture types the GPU/driver accepts
+                                // (e.g. Intel Arc A770 rejects NV12 textures with D3D11_BIND_RENDER_TARGET → E_INVALIDARG 0x80070057).
+                                //
+                                // initial_pool_size: Number of surfaces in the pool (QsvFramePoolSize).
+                                //   The encoder keeps submitted surfaces until they are encoded, so the pool has to hold
+                                //   the frames in the encoder pipeline plus the frame being uploaded.
+                                // Width/height are aligned to multiples of 32: texture alignment condition required by QSV hardware.
+                                //
+                                // Frame pool memory type (AVQSVFramesContext.frame_type, a combination of MFX_MEMTYPE_* flags):
+                                //   Windows (D3D11): MFX_MEMTYPE_VIDEO_MEMORY_DECODER_TARGET (0x0010) is tried first, then 0.
+                                //     0x0010 creates the D3D11 textures with D3D11_BIND_DECODER.
+                                //     0 lets FFmpeg select MFX_MEMTYPE_VIDEO_MEMORY_PROCESSOR_TARGET (0x0020),
+                                //     which creates the textures with D3D11_BIND_RENDER_TARGET.
+                                //   Other platforms (VAAPI): 0. FFmpeg sets the memory type of a VAAPI child pool itself.
+                                // Both types are accepted by the QSV encoder as video memory input.
+                                // When every type fails, the next candidate encoder is tested.
                                 //
                                 // Reference:
                                 //   AVHWFramesContext: https://ffmpeg.org/doxygen/trunk/structAVHWFramesContext.html
                                 //   av_hwframe_ctx_alloc: https://ffmpeg.org/doxygen/trunk/group__lavu__hwcontext.html
+                                //   AVQSVFramesContext.frame_type: https://github.com/FFmpeg/FFmpeg/blob/release/8.0/libavutil/hwcontext_qsv.h
+                                //   frame_type → D3D11 bind flags (qsv_init_child_ctx, qsv_get_d3d11va_bind_flags): https://github.com/FFmpeg/FFmpeg/blob/release/8.0/libavutil/hwcontext_qsv.c
+                                //   MFX_MEMTYPE_* values: https://github.com/intel/libvpl/blob/main/api/vpl/mfxstructures.h
                                 bool framesCtxReady = false;
-                            AVBufferRef* hwFramesRef = ffmpeg.av_hwframe_ctx_alloc(hwDeviceCtx);
-                            if (hwFramesRef != null)
+                                int[] frameTypes = isWindows
+                                    ? new[] { QsvMemTypeVideoMemoryDecoderTarget, 0 }
+                                    : new[] { 0 };
+                                foreach (var frameType in frameTypes)
                                 {
+                                    AVBufferRef* hwFramesRef = ffmpeg.av_hwframe_ctx_alloc(hwDeviceCtx);
+                                    if (hwFramesRef == null) break;
+
                                     var framesCtx = (AVHWFramesContext*)hwFramesRef->data;
                                     framesCtx->format = AVPixelFormat.AV_PIX_FMT_QSV;       // Hardware surface format
                                     framesCtx->sw_format = AVPixelFormat.AV_PIX_FMT_NV12;    // Software-side format
                                     framesCtx->width = (_settings.Width + 31) & ~31;          // 32-multiple alignment (bitmask)
                                     framesCtx->height = (_settings.Height + 31) & ~31;        // 32-multiple alignment (bitmask)
-                                framesCtx->initial_pool_size = 4;                         // Frame pool size
+                                    framesCtx->initial_pool_size = QsvFramePoolSize;
+                                    SetQsvFrameType(framesCtx, frameType);
 
                                     err = ffmpeg.av_hwframe_ctx_init(hwFramesRef);
                                     if (err >= 0)
@@ -623,31 +670,30 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
                                         _pCodecContext->hw_frames_ctx = ffmpeg.av_buffer_ref(hwFramesRef);
                                         _isQsvEncoder = true;
                                         framesCtxReady = true;
-                                    Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Msg($"{encoder.Name}: hw_frames_ctx initialization succeeded (GPU frame pool mode)");
+                                        Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Msg($"{encoder.Name}: Using GPU frame pool input mode (hw_frames_ctx, frame_type=0x{frameType:X4}, pool={QsvFramePoolSize})");
+                                        ffmpeg.av_buffer_unref(&hwFramesRef);
 
                                         _pHwFrame = ffmpeg.av_frame_alloc();
                                         if (_pHwFrame == null)
                                             throw new Exception("Failed to allocate QSV hardware frame structure.");
+                                        break;
                                     }
-                                else
-                                {
-                                    Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Warning($"{encoder.Name}: hw_frames_ctx failed — {GetFFmpegErrorString(err)} (Code: {err}). Falling back to hw_device_ctx mode.");
-                                }
+
+                                    Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Warning($"{encoder.Name}: hw_frames_ctx failed with frame_type=0x{frameType:X4} — {GetFFmpegErrorString(err)} (Code: {err})");
                                     ffmpeg.av_buffer_unref(&hwFramesRef);
                                 }
 
-                            // ── When hw_frames_ctx fails: Fallback to hw_device_ctx + NV12 system memory ──
-                            // In hw_device_ctx mode, the encoder receives NV12 frames from system memory (RAM)
-                            // directly and uploads to GPU internally.
-                            // Slightly slower than hw_frames_ctx, but compatibility is much better.
-                            //
-                            // Change pix_fmt to NV12: Use software format directly instead of hardware surface (QSV).
-                            // _isQsvEncoder = false: Skip manual upload in WriteFrame().
                                 if (!framesCtxReady)
                                 {
-                                _pCodecContext->pix_fmt = AVPixelFormat.AV_PIX_FMT_NV12;
-                                _pCodecContext->hw_device_ctx = ffmpeg.av_buffer_ref(hwDeviceCtx);
-                                _isQsvEncoder = false; // System memory mode, no manual frame upload required
+                                    Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Warning($"{encoder.Name}: GPU frame pool input mode is unavailable. Testing next candidate codec.");
+                                    ffmpeg.av_buffer_unref(&hwDeviceCtx);
+                                    {
+                                        var pCtx = _pCodecContext;
+                                        ffmpeg.avcodec_free_context(&pCtx);
+                                    }
+                                    _pCodecContext = null;
+                                    continue;
+                                }
                             }
 
                             // Transfer ownership of hwDeviceCtx to codec context,
@@ -709,11 +755,19 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
                             break;
                         }
 
-                        // If open fails, free codec context and try next encoder.
-                        Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Warning($"Failed to initialize hardware encoder {encoder.Name}: {GetFFmpegErrorString(openResult)} (Code: {openResult}). Testing next candidate codec.");
+                        // If open fails, free codec context and QSV frame state, then try next candidate.
+                        var inputMode = encoder.Kind == EncoderKind.QSV ? (useFramePool ? " (GPU frame pool input mode)" : " (system memory input mode)") : "";
+                        Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Warning($"Failed to initialize encoder {encoder.Name}{inputMode}: {GetFFmpegErrorString(openResult)} (Code: {openResult}). Testing next candidate.");
                         var pCodecCtx = _pCodecContext;
                         ffmpeg.avcodec_free_context(&pCodecCtx);
                         _pCodecContext = null;
+                        _isQsvEncoder = false;
+                        if (_pHwFrame != null)
+                        {
+                            var pHwFrame = _pHwFrame;
+                            ffmpeg.av_frame_free(&pHwFrame);
+                            _pHwFrame = null;
+                        }
                     }
 
                     if (!openedSuccessfully || _pCodecContext == null)
@@ -728,6 +782,16 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
                     if (ffmpeg.avcodec_parameters_from_context(_pVideoStream->codecpar, _pCodecContext) < 0)
                         throw new Exception("Failed to copy codec parameters to stream.");
 
+                    // Stream time base: unit of the timestamps stored in the container.
+                    // Set to the codec time base (1 / framerate) so that every frame interval is a whole number of ticks.
+                    // When it is left unset, the muxer uses 1/90000, in which the interval of rates such as
+                    // 59.94 fps (1501.5 ticks), 23.976 fps (3753.75 ticks) or 165 fps (545.45 ticks) is not an integer,
+                    // and the frame durations alternate between two values.
+                    // The muxer may still adjust the value in avformat_write_header (e.g. mp4 scales it to at least 10000);
+                    // packet timestamps are rescaled to the final value in SendFrameAndWritePackets.
+                    // Reference: https://github.com/FFmpeg/FFmpeg/blob/master/libavformat/mux.c (init_muxer: default 1/90000)
+                    _pVideoStream->time_base = _pCodecContext->time_base;
+
                     // ── Step 4.5 (Optional): Initialize audio stream ──
                     // If EncoderSettings.Audio is set, add audio stream.
                     if (_settings.Audio.HasValue)
@@ -760,16 +824,7 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
                     if (_pSrcFrame == null || _pDstFrame == null || _pPacket == null)
                         throw new Exception("Failed to allocate frame or packet structure.");
 
-                    // Set format and size of destination frame, then allocate actual pixel buffer.
-                    // av_frame_get_buffer: Allocates memory matching format, width, height and
-                    // sets data[]/linesize[] pointers. Second argument 0 means default alignment.
-                    _pDstFrame->format = (int)_dstPixFmt;
-                    _pDstFrame->width = _settings.Width;
-                    _pDstFrame->height = _settings.Height;
-                    _pDstFrame->color_range = AVColorRange.AVCOL_RANGE_JPEG;
-
-                    if (ffmpeg.av_frame_get_buffer(_pDstFrame, 0) < 0)
-                        throw new Exception($"Failed to allocate {_dstPixFmt} frame buffer.");
+                    AllocateDstFrameBuffer();
 
                     // sws_getContext: Initialize software scaler (colorspace converter).
                     // Input: RGBA (Unity capture format, 4 bytes/pixel)
@@ -830,7 +885,7 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
         /// Reference - CQP options per encoder:
         ///   NVENC:     "qp" (single value applied to I/P/B frames)
         ///   AMF:       "qp_i" + "qp_p" (I-frame and P-frame configured separately)
-        ///   QSV:       "global_quality" (Intel unique option)
+        ///   QSV:       AVCodecContext.global_quality (Intel ICQ mode)
         ///   Software:  "crf" (Constant Rate Factor, smarter quality control)
         ///
         /// Reference: https://ffmpeg.org/doxygen/trunk/structAVCodecContext.html
@@ -852,11 +907,21 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
                         _pCodecContext->rc_max_rate = _pCodecContext->rc_min_rate = _settings.TargetBitrate * 1000L;
                         _pCodecContext->rc_buffer_size = _settings.TargetBitrate * 1000;
 
-                        // nal-hrd=cbr: x264/x265 dedicated option. Generates CBR bitstream matching
-                        // NAL HRD (Hypothetical Reference Decoder) specification. May be required for streaming compatibility.
-                        if (encoder == VideoEncoder.Libx264 || encoder == VideoEncoder.Libx265)
+                        // HRD (Hypothetical Reference Decoder) signaling for CBR output, used for streaming compatibility.
+                        //   libx264: "nal-hrd=cbr" writes the NAL HRD information and pads filler data to keep the bitrate constant.
+                        //            FFmpeg's option description: "Signal HRD information (requires vbv-bufsize; cbr not allowed in .mp4)".
+                        //            Reference: https://github.com/FFmpeg/FFmpeg/blob/master/libavcodec/libx264.c ("nal-hrd": none/vbr/cbr)
+                        //   libx265: "x265-params" = "hrd=1" (--hrd: "Enable the signaling of HRD parameters to the decoder")
+                        //            + "strict-cbr=1" (--strict-cbr: "Enables stricter conditions to control bitrate deviance
+                        //            from the target bitrate in ABR mode").
+                        //            Reference: https://x265.readthedocs.io/en/master/cli.html
+                        if (encoder == VideoEncoder.Libx264)
                         {
-                            ffmpeg.av_opt_set(_pCodecContext->priv_data, "nal-hrd", "cbr", 0);
+                            TrySetOption("nal-hrd", "cbr");
+                        }
+                        else if (encoder == VideoEncoder.Libx265)
+                        {
+                            TrySetOption("x265-params", "hrd=1:strict-cbr=1");
                         }
                     }
                     break;
@@ -880,38 +945,77 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
                     break;
 
                 case RateControlMode.CQP:
+                    // Valid quality range per encoder. The range of the private options is read from the
+                    // encoder's option definition (AVOption min/max); a declared minimum of -1 means "auto".
+                    //   NVENC:    "qp"    H.264/HEVC 0~51, AV1 0~255
+                    //             (libavcodec/nvenc_h264.c, nvenc_hevc.c: "qp" -1~51 / libavcodec/nvenc_av1.c: "qp" -1~255)
+                    //   AMF:      "qp_i"  H.264/HEVC 0~51, AV1 0~255
+                    //             (libavcodec/amfenc_h264.c, amfenc_hevc.c: "qp_i" -1~51 / libavcodec/amfenc_av1.c: "qp_i" -1~255)
+                    //   QSV:      AVCodecContext.global_quality 1~51
+                    //   VVC:      "qp"    0~63 (libavcodec/libvvenc.c: "qp" -1~63)
+                    //   Software: "crf"   x264/x265 0~51 (https://x265.readthedocs.io/en/master/cli.html: --crf 0..51.0),
+                    //             VP9/AV1 0~63 (libavcodec/libvpxenc.c, libaomenc.c: "crf" -1~63 / libavcodec/libsvtav1.c: "crf" 0~63)
+                    // Reference: https://github.com/FFmpeg/FFmpeg/tree/master/libavcodec
+                    int qpMin, qpMax;
+                    if (encoder.Kind == EncoderKind.QSV)
+                    {
+                        // QSV runs in ICQ (Intelligent Constant Quality) mode when global_quality > 0 and rc_max_rate is 0;
+                        // global_quality 0 selects the encoder's default CQP. The ICQ quality is clamped to 1~51 by FFmpeg:
+                        //   libavcodec/qsvenc.c: q->param.mfx.ICQQuality = av_clip(avctx->global_quality, 1, 51);
+                        // Reference: https://github.com/FFmpeg/FFmpeg/blob/master/libavcodec/qsvenc.c
+                        qpMin = 1;
+                        qpMax = 51;
+                    }
+                    else if (encoder.Kind == EncoderKind.NVENC) (qpMin, qpMax) = GetQualityRange("qp");
+                    else if (encoder.Kind == EncoderKind.AMF) (qpMin, qpMax) = GetQualityRange("qp_i");
+                    else if (encoder == VideoEncoder.LibVvenc) (qpMin, qpMax) = GetQualityRange("qp");
+                    else (qpMin, qpMax) = GetQualityRange("crf"); // Software encoder (libx264, libx265, libvpx-vp9, etc.)
+
                     // Default value 18: Quality close to "visually lossless" in H.264.
                     // Provides similar level of quality in other codecs as well.
-                    var qpValue = _settings.QualityValue is >= 0 and <= 51 ? _settings.QualityValue : 18;
+                    const int defaultQuality = 18;
+                    var requestedQp = _settings.QualityValue;
+                    int qpValue;
+                    if (requestedQp < 0)
+                    {
+                        qpValue = Math.Clamp(defaultQuality, qpMin, qpMax);
+                        Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Warning($"{encoder.Name}: Invalid quality value {requestedQp}. Using {qpValue}.");
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        qpValue = Math.Clamp(requestedQp, qpMin, qpMax);
+                        if (qpValue != requestedQp)
+                            Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Warning($"{encoder.Name}: Quality value {requestedQp} is outside the supported range {qpMin}~{qpMax}. Using {qpValue}.");
+                    }
 
                     if (encoder.Kind == EncoderKind.NVENC)
                     {
                         // NVENC: Applies same QP to I/P/B frames with single "qp" option
-                        ffmpeg.av_opt_set(_pCodecContext->priv_data, "qp", qpValue.ToString(), 0);
+                        TrySetOption("qp", qpValue.ToString());
                     }
                     else if (encoder.Kind == EncoderKind.AMF)
                     {
                         // AMF: QP for I-frame (qp_i) and P-frame (qp_p) must be set separately.
                         // Since B-frames are disabled, qp_b is not set.
-                        ffmpeg.av_opt_set(_pCodecContext->priv_data, "qp_i", qpValue.ToString(), 0);
-                        ffmpeg.av_opt_set(_pCodecContext->priv_data, "qp_p", qpValue.ToString(), 0);
+                        TrySetOption("qp_i", qpValue.ToString());
+                        TrySetOption("qp_p", qpValue.ToString());
                     }
                     else if (encoder.Kind == EncoderKind.QSV)
                     {
-                        // QSV: Uses ICQ (Intelligent Constant Quality) mode with "global_quality" option
-                        ffmpeg.av_opt_set(_pCodecContext->priv_data, "global_quality", qpValue.ToString(), 0);
+                        // QSV: ICQ (Intelligent Constant Quality) mode, configured with AVCodecContext.global_quality.
+                        _pCodecContext->global_quality = qpValue;
                     }
                     else if (encoder == VideoEncoder.LibVvenc)
                     {
                         // libvvenc: Specifies Constant QP mode with "qp" option
-                        ffmpeg.av_opt_set(_pCodecContext->priv_data, "qp", qpValue.ToString(), 0);
+                        TrySetOption("qp", qpValue.ToString());
                     }
-                    else // Software encoder (libx264, libx265, libvpx-vp9, etc.)
+                    else
                     {
                         // CRF (Constant Rate Factor): Smarter quality control than QP.
                         // Automatically adjusts bitrate according to scene complexity to maintain consistent visual quality.
-                        // Range: 0 (lossless) ~ 51 (lowest quality). Typically between 18 and 28.
-                        ffmpeg.av_opt_set(_pCodecContext->priv_data, "crf", qpValue.ToString(), 0);
+                        // Range: 0 (lossless) ~ 51 (lowest quality) for x264/x265, 0~63 for VP9/AV1. Typically between 18 and 28.
+                        TrySetOption("crf", qpValue.ToString());
                     }
                     break;
                 default:
@@ -919,6 +1023,76 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
             }
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets a private option (priv_data) of the encoder.
+        /// Returns true when FFmpeg accepts the option. Otherwise logs a warning with the FFmpeg error and returns false.
+        /// </summary>
+        // ReSharper disable once UnusedMethodReturnValue.Local
+        private bool TrySetOption(string name, string value)
+        {
+            var ret = ffmpeg.av_opt_set(_pCodecContext->priv_data, name, value, 0);
+            if (ret >= 0) return true;
+
+            Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Warning($"[Encoder] Option '{name}={value}' was not applied: {GetFFmpegErrorString(ret)} (Code: {ret})");
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// MFX_MEMTYPE_VIDEO_MEMORY_DECODER_TARGET (0x0010): frames are in video memory and belong to video decoder render targets.
+        /// Reference: https://github.com/intel/libvpl/blob/main/api/vpl/mfxstructures.h
+        /// </summary>
+        private const int QsvMemTypeVideoMemoryDecoderTarget = 0x0010;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Number of surfaces in the QSV GPU frame pool (AVHWFramesContext.initial_pool_size) of GPU frame pool input mode.
+        /// Same value as the encoder frame pool of the FFmpeg hardware encoding example (initial_pool_size = 20).
+        /// Reference: https://github.com/FFmpeg/FFmpeg/blob/release/8.0/doc/examples/vaapi_encode.c
+        /// </summary>
+        private const int QsvFramePoolSize = 20;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Writes AVQSVFramesContext.frame_type of a QSV frames context (AVHWFramesContext.hwctx).
+        /// FFmpeg.AutoGen has no AVQSVFramesContext type, so the field is written at its offset.
+        /// Field order of AVQSVFramesContext: mfxFrameSurface1* surfaces, int nb_surfaces, int frame_type, mfxFrameInfo* info
+        /// → frame_type is at offset sizeof(pointer) + sizeof(int) (12 bytes on 64-bit).
+        /// Reference: https://github.com/FFmpeg/FFmpeg/blob/release/8.0/libavutil/hwcontext_qsv.h
+        /// </summary>
+        private static void SetQsvFrameType(AVHWFramesContext* framesCtx, int frameType)
+        {
+            if (framesCtx->hwctx == null) return;
+            *(int*)((byte*)framesCtx->hwctx + IntPtr.Size + sizeof(int)) = frameType;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Largest declared maximum that is treated as an actual quality range.
+        /// A declared maximum above this value is treated as unbounded, and the fallback range 0~51 is used.
+        /// The largest bounded quality range among the supported encoders is 0~255 (AV1 NVENC/AMF), while
+        /// libx264/libx265 declare "crf" as -1~FLT_MAX (libavcodec/libx264.c, libx265.c).
+        /// </summary>
+        private const double MaxMeaningfulQualityLimit = 1000;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the valid range of a private quality option of the encoder from its option definition (AVOption min/max).
+        /// e.g. 0~51 for H.264/HEVC, 0~63 for VP9/AV1/VVC, 0~255 for AV1 NVENC/AMF.
+        /// The lower bound is at least 0 (a declared minimum of -1 means "auto").
+        /// When the option is missing or its declared maximum is unbounded (see <see cref="MaxMeaningfulQualityLimit"/>), returns 0~51,
+        /// the QP scale of H.264/HEVC 8-bit (x264/x265 CRF 0~51).
+        /// Reference: https://x265.readthedocs.io/en/master/cli.html (--crf 0..51.0)
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="optionName">Name of the quality option in priv_data.</param>
+        private (int Min, int Max) GetQualityRange(string optionName)
+        {
+            const int fallbackMax = 51;
+
+            var option = ffmpeg.av_opt_find(_pCodecContext->priv_data, optionName, null, 0, 0);
+            if (option == null || !(option->max > 0 && option->max <= MaxMeaningfulQualityLimit))
+                return (0, fallbackMax);
+
+            var min = Math.Max(0, (int)Math.Ceiling(option->min));
+            var max = (int)Math.Floor(option->max);
+            return min <= max ? (min, max) : (0, fallbackMax);
+        }
+
         // ================================================================
         // Write Frame
         // ================================================================
@@ -1018,12 +1192,50 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
             }
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the format, size and color range of the destination frame (_pDstFrame) and allocates a new pixel buffer for it.
+        /// av_frame_get_buffer allocates memory matching format, width and height and sets the data[]/linesize[] pointers.
+        /// Second argument 0 means default alignment.
+        /// Reference: https://ffmpeg.org/doxygen/trunk/group__lavu__frame.html (av_frame_get_buffer)
+        /// </summary>
+        private void AllocateDstFrameBuffer()
+        {
+            _pDstFrame->format = (int)_dstPixFmt;
+            _pDstFrame->width = _settings.Width;
+            _pDstFrame->height = _settings.Height;
+            _pDstFrame->color_range = AVColorRange.AVCOL_RANGE_JPEG;
+
+            var ret = ffmpeg.av_frame_get_buffer(_pDstFrame, 0);
+            if (ret < 0)
+                throw new Exception($"Failed to allocate {_dstPixFmt} frame buffer — {GetFFmpegErrorString(ret)} (Code: {ret})");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Makes the pixel buffer of the destination frame (_pDstFrame) writable before the next frame is written into it.
+        ///
+        /// After avcodec_send_frame, the encoder may keep a reference to the buffer of the submitted frame
+        /// until that frame is encoded (e.g. QSV in system memory input mode). The buffer is then shared and not writable
+        /// (av_frame_is_writable returns 0).
+        /// In that case the frame releases its reference (av_frame_unref) and a new buffer is allocated.
+        /// The encoder keeps the previous buffer until it no longer needs it. The previous contents are not copied,
+        /// because every plane is overwritten by the next frame.
+        ///
+        /// Reference: https://ffmpeg.org/doxygen/trunk/group__lavu__frame.html (av_frame_is_writable, av_frame_unref)
+        /// </summary>
+        private void PrepareDstFrameForWrite()
+        {
+            if (ffmpeg.av_frame_is_writable(_pDstFrame) != 0) return;
+
+            ffmpeg.av_frame_unref(_pDstFrame);
+            AllocateDstFrameBuffer();
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Encodes a frame by directly copying already pre-converted NV12 or YUV420P frame data.
         /// </summary>
         private void WritePreConvertedFrame(byte* buffer)
         {
-            ffmpeg.av_frame_make_writable(_pDstFrame);
+            PrepareDstFrameForWrite();
 
             var width = _settings.Width;
             var height = _settings.Height;
@@ -1137,20 +1349,17 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
         /// Core logic for actual frame encoding.
         ///
         /// Processing flow:
-        ///   1. av_frame_make_writable: Check if destination frame buffer is writable
+        ///   1. PrepareDstFrameForWrite: Makes the destination frame buffer writable
         ///      (Allocates a new buffer if encoder is still referencing previous frame's buffer)
         ///   2. sws_scale: RGBA → YUV420P/NV12 colorspace conversion
         ///   3. (QSV hw_frames mode) av_hwframe_transfer_data: Upload NV12 → QSV hardware surface
         ///   4. Pass to encoder after setting PTS
         ///
-        /// Reference: https://ffmpeg.org/doxygen/trunk/group__lavu__frame.html (av_frame_make_writable)
         /// Reference: https://ffmpeg.org/doxygen/trunk/group__libsws.html (sws_scale)
         /// </summary>
         private void WriteFrame()
         {
-            // Ensure writable state since encoder might still be referencing previous frame's buffer.
-            // Internally allocates a new buffer if referenced.
-            ffmpeg.av_frame_make_writable(_pDstFrame);
+            PrepareDstFrameForWrite();
 
             // ── Colorspace conversion: RGBA → YUV420P or NV12 ──
             // sws_scale parameters explanation:
@@ -1311,8 +1520,13 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
         ///   2. av_write_trailer: Writes container trailer (end-of-file metadata).
         ///      For MP4, the moov atom (index info) is completed here.
         ///      ⚠️ If trailer is not written, the file becomes corrupted and unplayable!
+        ///      av_write_trailer also flushes the output buffer and returns the write error of the output (AVIOContext.error), if any.
+        ///
+        /// Throws an exception when a flush or the trailer fails (e.g. the disk is full), because the file is then incomplete.
+        /// End() runs once: after it returns or throws, further calls return immediately.
         ///
         /// Reference: https://ffmpeg.org/doxygen/trunk/group__lavf__encoding.html
+        /// Reference: https://github.com/FFmpeg/FFmpeg/blob/release/8.0/libavformat/mux.c (av_write_trailer)
         /// </summary>
         public void End()
         {
@@ -1320,39 +1534,31 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
             {
                 if (_disposed || !_isInitialized) return;
 
-                // 1. Flush delayed frames from video encoder (send null frame as "end of input" signal)
                 try
                 {
+                    // 1. Flush delayed frames from video encoder (send null frame as "end of input" signal)
                     SendFrameAndWritePackets(null);
-                }
-                catch (Exception ex)
-                {
-                    // Log error occurring during flush process
-                    Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Error($"Error during video encoder flush: {ex.Message}");
-                }
 
                     // 1.5. Flush remaining samples in audio FIFO + flush audio encoder
                     if (_audioEnabled)
-                {
-                    try
                     {
                         FlushAudioEncoder();
                     }
-                    catch (Exception ex)
-                    {
-                        Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Error($"Error during audio encoder flush: {ex.Message}");
-                    }
-                }
 
                     // 2. Write container trailer (moov atom and file termination metadata)
                     if (_pFormatContext != null)
                     {
-                    ffmpeg.av_write_trailer(_pFormatContext);
+                        var ret = ffmpeg.av_write_trailer(_pFormatContext);
+                        if (ret < 0)
+                            throw new Exception($"Failed to write the container trailer — {GetFFmpegErrorString(ret)} (Code: {ret})");
                     }
-
+                }
+                finally
+                {
                     _isInitialized = false;
                 }
             }
+        }
 
         // ================================================================
         // Resource Cleanup (Dispose)
@@ -1361,11 +1567,13 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
         /// <summary>
         /// Actual resource cleanup logic. Cleanup order is important:
         ///
-        ///   1. Call End() (if not called yet) → flush delayed frames + write trailer
-        ///   2. SwsContext (scaler) → independent, can be freed first
-        ///   3. AVFrame (src/dst) → freed before codec as codec may reference them
-        ///   4. AVCodecContext (codec) → hw_frames_ctx/hw_device_ctx freed together
-        ///   5. AVFormatContext (format/IO) → includes closing file handle
+        ///   1. SwsContext (scaler) → independent, can be freed first
+        ///   2. AVFrame (src/dst) → freed before codec as codec may reference them
+        ///   3. AVCodecContext (codec) → hw_frames_ctx/hw_device_ctx freed together
+        ///   4. AVFormatContext (format/IO) → includes closing file handle
+        ///
+        /// Dispose does not finish the file (no encoder flush, no trailer). A file is complete only after End() returned.
+        /// Without End(), the output file is incomplete and is left to the caller (the renderer deletes it).
         ///
         /// Reference:
         ///   av_frame_free: https://ffmpeg.org/doxygen/trunk/group__lavu__frame.html
@@ -1379,12 +1587,7 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg
             {
                 if (_disposed) return;
                 _disposed = true;
-
-                // Trigger End() safely in case Dispose is called without calling End() first
-                if (_isInitialized)
-                {
-                    try { End(); } catch { /* Ignore */ }
-                }
+                _isInitialized = false;
 
                 // Release Sws scaler
                 if (_pSwsContext != null)

Util/FrameReader.cs

@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util
                 }
             }
 
-            if (RenderManager.Instance && RenderManager.Instance.IsRenderCancelled)
+            if (RenderManager.Instance && RenderManager.Instance.IsRenderAborted)
             {
                 RecycleState(state);
                 return;

Util/GPUUtil.cs

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ using System.Linq;
 using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
 using ADOFAIRenderer.Data;
 using ADOFAIRenderer.Util.FFmpeg;
+using ADOFAIRenderer.Util.OS;
 using MelonLoader;
 using UnityEngine;
 
@@ -121,7 +122,7 @@ internal static class GPUUtil
                 !int.TryParse(regMatch.Groups[4].Value, out var build)) continue;
                             
             var nvidiaVerInt = sub % 10 * 10000 + build;
-            _cachedNvidiaVersion = nvidiaVerInt / 100f;
+            _cachedNvidiaVersion = nvidiaVerInt / 100.0;
             Melon<RenderMod>.Logger.Msg($"Parsed NVIDIA Driver Version from Registry (RegistryUtil): {_cachedNvidiaVersion:F2}");
             return _cachedNvidiaVersion;
         }

Util/OS/FolderDialogUtil.cs

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ using System.Threading;
 using System.Threading.Tasks;
 using MelonLoader;
 
-namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util;
+namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.OS;
 
 [SuppressMessage("ReSharper", "InconsistentNaming")]
 [SuppressMessage("ReSharper", "UnusedMember.Local")]

Util/OS/OSNotification.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,577 @@
+using System;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using System.Threading;
+using MelonLoader;
+
+namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.OS;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Sends native desktop notifications on Windows, macOS, and Linux.
+/// <para>
+/// - <b>Windows</b>: Uses Win32 <c>Shell_NotifyIcon</c> (system tray balloon) via P/Invoke.
+///   No PowerShell, no UWP, no WinRT dependencies.
+/// </para>
+/// <para>
+/// - <b>macOS</b>: Uses <c>osascript</c> with AppleScript's <c>display notification</c>.
+/// </para>
+/// <para>
+/// - <b>Linux</b>: Uses <c>notify-send</c> (libnotify) with <c>xdg-open</c> for folder actions.
+/// </para>
+/// </summary>
+internal static class OSNotification
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Sends a native desktop notification.
+    /// If <paramref name="folderPath"/> is provided, Windows and Linux will attempt to open
+    /// the folder when the notification is clicked/dismissed.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="title">The notification title.</param>
+    /// <param name="message">The notification body text.</param>
+    /// <param name="folderPath">Optional folder path to open on click (Windows balloon click / Linux action).</param>
+    public static void Show(string title, string message, string? folderPath = null)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            if (RuntimeInformation.IsOSPlatform(OSPlatform.Windows))
+            {
+                WindowsNotification.Send(title, message, folderPath);
+            }
+            else if (RuntimeInformation.IsOSPlatform(OSPlatform.OSX))
+            {
+                MacNotification.Send(title, message);
+            }
+            else if (RuntimeInformation.IsOSPlatform(OSPlatform.Linux))
+            {
+                LinuxNotification.Send(title, message, folderPath);
+            }
+        }
+        catch (Exception ex)
+        {
+            MelonLogger.Warning($"[OSNotification] Failed to send notification: {ex.Message}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #region Windows — Toast (primary) + Shell_NotifyIcon (fallback)
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Windows notification with two strategies:
+    /// <para>1. <b>Toast</b> via PowerShell — persists in Action Center.</para>
+    /// <para>2. <b>Shell_NotifyIcon balloon</b> via P/Invoke — fallback if toast fails.</para>
+    /// </summary>
+    private static class WindowsNotification
+    {
+        public static void Send(string title, string message, string? folderPath)
+        {
+            var thread = new Thread(() =>
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    if (!TrySendToast(title, message, folderPath))
+                    {
+                        SendBalloon(title, message, folderPath);
+                    }
+                }
+                catch (Exception ex)
+                {
+                    MelonLogger.Warning($"[OSNotification] Windows notification failed: {ex.Message}");
+                }
+            })
+            {
+                IsBackground = true,
+                Name = "OSNotification-Win"
+            };
+            thread.Start();
+        }
+
+        #region Toast via PowerShell
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Attempts to show a Windows Toast notification via PowerShell.
+        /// Returns true if the process launched successfully, false otherwise.
+        /// </summary>
+        private static bool TrySendToast(string title, string message, string? folderPath)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                string xmlTitle = System.Security.SecurityElement.Escape(title) ?? title;
+                string xmlMessage = System.Security.SecurityElement.Escape(message) ?? message;
+
+                string toastXml;
+                string psScript;
+
+                if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(folderPath))
+                {
+                    var escapedFolder = folderPath.Replace("'", "''");
+
+                    toastXml =
+                        "<toast launch=\"adofai-renderer://\" activationType=\"protocol\">" +
+                        "<visual><binding template=\"ToastGeneric\">" +
+                        $"<text>{xmlTitle}</text><text>{xmlMessage}</text>" +
+                        "</binding></visual>" +
+                        "<actions>" +
+                        "<action content=\"Open Render Folder\" arguments=\"adofai-renderer://\" activationType=\"protocol\"/>" +
+                        "</actions></toast>";
+
+                    psScript =
+                        "$protocolPath = 'HKCU:\\Software\\Classes\\adofai-renderer'\n" +
+                        "$null = New-Item -Path $protocolPath -Force\n" +
+                        "$null = New-ItemProperty -Path $protocolPath -Name 'URL Protocol' -Value '' -PropertyType String -Force\n" +
+                        "Set-Item -Path $protocolPath -Value 'URL:adofai-renderer Protocol' | Out-Null\n" +
+                        "$cmdPath = \"$protocolPath\\shell\\open\\command\"\n" +
+                        "$null = New-Item -Path $cmdPath -Force\n" +
+                        $"Set-Item -Path $cmdPath -Value 'explorer.exe \"{escapedFolder}\"' | Out-Null\n" +
+                        "[Windows.UI.Notifications.ToastNotificationManager, Windows.UI.Notifications, ContentType = WindowsRuntime] | Out-Null\n" +
+                        "[Windows.Data.Xml.Dom.XmlDocument, Windows.Data, ContentType = WindowsRuntime] | Out-Null\n" +
+                        "$xml = [Windows.Data.Xml.Dom.XmlDocument]::new()\n" +
+                        $"$xml.LoadXml('{toastXml}')\n" +
+                        "[Windows.UI.Notifications.ToastNotificationManager]::CreateToastNotifier('ADOFAI Renderer').Show([Windows.UI.Notifications.ToastNotification]::new($xml))";
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    toastXml =
+                        "<toast><visual><binding template=\"ToastGeneric\">" +
+                        $"<text>{xmlTitle}</text><text>{xmlMessage}</text>" +
+                        "</binding></visual></toast>";
+
+                    psScript =
+                        "[Windows.UI.Notifications.ToastNotificationManager, Windows.UI.Notifications, ContentType = WindowsRuntime] | Out-Null\n" +
+                        "[Windows.Data.Xml.Dom.XmlDocument, Windows.Data, ContentType = WindowsRuntime] | Out-Null\n" +
+                        "$xml = [Windows.Data.Xml.Dom.XmlDocument]::new()\n" +
+                        $"$xml.LoadXml('{toastXml}')\n" +
+                        "[Windows.UI.Notifications.ToastNotificationManager]::CreateToastNotifier('ADOFAI Renderer').Show([Windows.UI.Notifications.ToastNotification]::new($xml))";
+                }
+
+                byte[] bytes = System.Text.Encoding.Unicode.GetBytes(psScript);
+                string base64 = Convert.ToBase64String(bytes);
+
+                var startInfo = new ProcessStartInfo
+                {
+                    FileName = "powershell.exe",
+                    Arguments = $"-NoProfile -NonInteractive -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -EncodedCommand {base64}",
+                    CreateNoWindow = true,
+                    UseShellExecute = false,
+                    RedirectStandardError = true,
+                    WindowStyle = ProcessWindowStyle.Hidden
+                };
+
+                using var process = new Process();
+                process.StartInfo = startInfo;
+                process.Start();
+                process.WaitForExit(5000);
+
+                // If PowerShell exited with error, treat as failure
+                if (process.ExitCode != 0)
+                {
+                    string stderr = process.StandardError.ReadToEnd().Trim();
+                    if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(stderr))
+                        MelonLogger.Warning($"[OSNotification] Toast failed (using fallback): {stderr}");
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                return true;
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                MelonLogger.Warning($"[OSNotification] Toast failed (using fallback): {ex.Message}");
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Balloon via Shell_NotifyIcon
+
+        // ReSharper disable InconsistentNaming
+        private const int NIM_ADD = 0x00;
+        private const int NIM_DELETE = 0x02;
+
+        private const int NIF_MESSAGE = 0x01;
+        private const int NIF_ICON = 0x02;
+        private const int NIF_TIP = 0x04;
+        private const int NIF_INFO = 0x10;
+
+        private const int NIIF_INFO = 0x01;
+
+        private const int WM_USER = 0x0400;
+        private const int WM_TRAYICON = WM_USER + 1;
+        private const int NIN_BALLOONUSERCLICK = 0x0405;
+
+        private const int WS_OVERLAPPED = 0x00000000;
+        private const uint WM_CLOSE = 0x0010;
+        private const int TRAY_ICON_UID = 29471;
+        // ReSharper restore InconsistentNaming
+
+        [DllImport("shell32.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)]
+        private static extern bool Shell_NotifyIconW(int dwMessage, ref NotifyIconDataW lpData);
+
+        [DllImport("user32.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)]
+        private static extern IntPtr CreateWindowExW(
+            int dwExStyle, string lpClassName, string lpWindowName,
+            int dwStyle, int x, int y, int nWidth, int nHeight,
+            IntPtr hWndParent, IntPtr hMenu, IntPtr hInstance, IntPtr lpParam);
+
+        [DllImport("user32.dll")]
+        [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
+        private static extern bool DestroyWindow(IntPtr hWnd);
+
+        [DllImport("user32.dll")]
+        private static extern IntPtr LoadIconW(IntPtr hInstance, IntPtr lpIconName);
+
+        [DllImport("user32.dll")]
+        [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
+        private static extern bool GetMessageW(out Msg lpMsg, IntPtr hWnd, uint wMsgFilterMin, uint wMsgFilterMax);
+
+        [DllImport("user32.dll")]
+        private static extern IntPtr TranslateMessage(ref Msg lpMsg);
+
+        [DllImport("user32.dll")]
+        private static extern IntPtr DispatchMessageW(ref Msg lpMsg);
+
+        [DllImport("user32.dll")]
+        [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
+        private static extern bool PostMessageW(IntPtr hWnd, uint msg, IntPtr wParam, IntPtr lParam);
+
+        [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)]
+        private struct NotifyIconDataW
+        {
+            public int cbSize;
+            public IntPtr hWnd;
+            public int uID;
+            public int uFlags;
+            public int uCallbackMessage;
+            public IntPtr hIcon;
+            [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.ByValTStr, SizeConst = 128)]
+            public string szTip;
+            public int dwState;
+            public int dwStateMask;
+            [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.ByValTStr, SizeConst = 256)]
+            public string szInfo;
+            public int uTimeoutOrVersion;
+            [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.ByValTStr, SizeConst = 64)]
+            public string szInfoTitle;
+            public int dwInfoFlags;
+        }
+
+        [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+        private struct Msg
+        {
+            public IntPtr hwnd;
+            public uint message;
+            public IntPtr wParam;
+            public IntPtr lParam;
+            public uint time;
+            public int pt_x;
+            public int pt_y;
+        }
+
+        private static void SendBalloon(string title, string message, string? folderPath)
+        {
+            if (title.Length > 63) title = title.Substring(0, 63);
+            if (message.Length > 255) message = message.Substring(0, 255);
+
+            IntPtr hWnd = IntPtr.Zero;
+            var nid = new NotifyIconDataW();
+
+            try
+            {
+                var hwndMessage = new IntPtr(-3);
+                hWnd = CreateWindowExW(
+                    0, "Static", "ADOFAIRendererNotify",
+                    WS_OVERLAPPED, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+                    hwndMessage, IntPtr.Zero, IntPtr.Zero, IntPtr.Zero);
+
+                if (hWnd == IntPtr.Zero)
+                {
+                    MelonLogger.Warning("[OSNotification] Cannot create message window.");
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                IntPtr hIcon = LoadIconW(IntPtr.Zero, (IntPtr)32512);
+
+                nid.cbSize = Marshal.SizeOf(typeof(NotifyIconDataW));
+                nid.hWnd = hWnd;
+                nid.uID = TRAY_ICON_UID;
+                nid.uFlags = NIF_MESSAGE | NIF_ICON | NIF_TIP | NIF_INFO;
+                nid.uCallbackMessage = WM_TRAYICON;
+                nid.hIcon = hIcon;
+                nid.szTip = "ADOFAI Renderer";
+                nid.szInfo = message;
+                nid.szInfoTitle = title;
+                nid.dwInfoFlags = NIIF_INFO;
+                nid.uTimeoutOrVersion = 4;
+
+                Shell_NotifyIconW(NIM_ADD, ref nid);
+
+                if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(folderPath))
+                {
+                    var capturedFolder = folderPath;
+                    var closeTimer = new System.Threading.Timer(_ =>
+                    {
+                        try { PostMessageW(hWnd, WM_CLOSE, IntPtr.Zero, IntPtr.Zero); }
+                        catch { /* ignored */ }
+                    }, null, 12000, Timeout.Infinite);
+
+                    try
+                    {
+                        while (GetMessageW(out var msg, IntPtr.Zero, 0, 0))
+                        {
+                            if (msg.message == WM_CLOSE)
+                                break;
+
+                            if (msg.message == WM_TRAYICON)
+                            {
+                                int notifyMsg = (int)(long)msg.lParam;
+                                if (notifyMsg == NIN_BALLOONUSERCLICK)
+                                {
+                                    try
+                                    {
+                                        var psi = new ProcessStartInfo();
+                                        psi.FileName = capturedFolder;
+                                        psi.UseShellExecute = true;
+                                        Process.Start(psi);
+                                    }
+                                    catch (Exception ex)
+                                    {
+                                        MelonLogger.Warning(
+                                            $"[OSNotification] Cannot open folder: {ex.Message}");
+                                    }
+
+                                    break;
+                                }
+                            }
+
+                            TranslateMessage(ref msg);
+                            DispatchMessageW(ref msg);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    finally
+                    {
+                        closeTimer.Dispose();
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    Thread.Sleep(500);
+                }
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                MelonLogger.Warning($"[OSNotification] Balloon notification failed: {ex.Message}");
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                if (hWnd != IntPtr.Zero)
+                {
+                    nid.uFlags = 0;
+                    Shell_NotifyIconW(NIM_DELETE, ref nid);
+                    DestroyWindow(hWnd);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+    }
+
+    #endregion
+
+    #region macOS — osascript
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// macOS notification using <c>osascript -e 'display notification ...'</c>.
+    /// </summary>
+    private static class MacNotification
+    {
+        public static void Send(string title, string message)
+        {
+            // AppleScript string escaping: backslash and double-quote
+            string escapedTitle = EscapeAppleScript(title);
+            string escapedMessage = EscapeAppleScript(message);
+
+            // Use ProcessStartInfo with ArgumentList to avoid shell-level escaping issues.
+            // Each argument is passed directly to the process without shell interpretation.
+            var script =
+                $"display notification \"{escapedMessage}\" with title \"{escapedTitle}\"";
+
+            var startInfo = new ProcessStartInfo
+            {
+                FileName = "osascript",
+                CreateNoWindow = true,
+                UseShellExecute = false,
+                WindowStyle = ProcessWindowStyle.Hidden
+            };
+            startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("-e");
+            startInfo.ArgumentList.Add(script);
+
+            RunProcess(startInfo);
+        }
+
+        private static string EscapeAppleScript(string value)
+        {
+            // In AppleScript string literals, escape backslash and double-quote
+            return value
+                .Replace("\\", "\\\\")
+                .Replace("\"", "\\\"");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #endregion
+
+    #region Linux — notify-send / gdbus
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Linux notification using <c>notify-send</c> (libnotify CLI).
+    /// Falls back to <c>gdbus</c> (D-Bus direct call) if notify-send is unavailable.
+    /// </summary>
+    private static class LinuxNotification
+    {
+        public static void Send(string title, string message, string? folderPath)
+        {
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(folderPath))
+            {
+                ShowWithAction(title, message, folderPath);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ShowSimple(title, message);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static void ShowSimple(string title, string message)
+        {
+            // Try notify-send first
+            if (TryNotifySend(title, message))
+                return;
+
+            // Fallback to gdbus
+            TryGdbus(title, message);
+        }
+
+        private static void ShowWithAction(string title, string message, string folderPath)
+        {
+            // Run on a background thread because notify-send with --action blocks
+            // until the notification is dismissed or the action is clicked.
+            System.Threading.Tasks.Task.Run(() =>
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    var startInfo = new ProcessStartInfo
+                    {
+                        FileName = "notify-send",
+                        CreateNoWindow = true,
+                        UseShellExecute = false,
+                        RedirectStandardOutput = true,
+                        WindowStyle = ProcessWindowStyle.Hidden
+                    };
+                    startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("-a");
+                    startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("ADOFAI Renderer");
+                    startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("--action=open_folder=Open Render Folder");
+                    startInfo.ArgumentList.Add(title);
+                    startInfo.ArgumentList.Add(message);
+
+                    using var process = new Process();
+                    process.StartInfo = startInfo;
+                    process.Start();
+                    string output = process.StandardOutput.ReadToEnd().Trim();
+                    process.WaitForExit();
+
+                    if (output == "open_folder")
+                    {
+                        var openInfo = new ProcessStartInfo
+                        {
+                            FileName = "xdg-open",
+                            CreateNoWindow = true,
+                            UseShellExecute = false,
+                            WindowStyle = ProcessWindowStyle.Hidden
+                        };
+                        openInfo.ArgumentList.Add(folderPath);
+
+                        RunProcess(openInfo);
+                    }
+                }
+                catch (Exception ex)
+                {
+                    MelonLogger.Warning($"[OSNotification] Linux notification processing failed: {ex.Message}");
+
+                    // Fallback: show without action
+                    ShowSimple(title, message);
+                }
+            });
+        }
+
+        private static bool TryNotifySend(string title, string message)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                var startInfo = new ProcessStartInfo
+                {
+                    FileName = "notify-send",
+                    CreateNoWindow = true,
+                    UseShellExecute = false,
+                    WindowStyle = ProcessWindowStyle.Hidden
+                };
+                startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("-a");
+                startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("ADOFAI Renderer");
+                startInfo.ArgumentList.Add(title);
+                startInfo.ArgumentList.Add(message);
+
+                RunProcess(startInfo);
+                return true;
+            }
+            catch
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static void TryGdbus(string title, string message)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                // Direct D-Bus call to org.freedesktop.Notifications
+                var startInfo = new ProcessStartInfo
+                {
+                    FileName = "gdbus",
+                    CreateNoWindow = true,
+                    UseShellExecute = false,
+                    WindowStyle = ProcessWindowStyle.Hidden
+                };
+                startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("call");
+                startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("--session");
+                startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("--dest=org.freedesktop.Notifications");
+                startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("--object-path=/org/freedesktop/Notifications");
+                startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("--method=org.freedesktop.Notifications.Notify");
+                startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("ADOFAI Renderer"); // app_name
+                startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("0");                // replaces_id
+                startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("");                 // app_icon
+                startInfo.ArgumentList.Add(title);              // summary
+                startInfo.ArgumentList.Add(message);            // body
+                startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("[]");               // actions
+                startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("{}");               // hints
+                startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("-1");               // expire_timeout
+
+                RunProcess(startInfo);
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                MelonLogger.Warning($"[OSNotification] gdbus notification failed: {ex.Message}");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #endregion
+
+    #region Shared utility
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Starts a process fire-and-forget. Does not redirect output or wait for exit.
+    /// </summary>
+    private static void RunProcess(ProcessStartInfo startInfo)
+    {
+        using var process = new Process();
+        process.StartInfo = startInfo;
+        process.Start();
+    }
+
+    #endregion
+}

Util/OS/RegistryUtil.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+using System;
+
+namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util.OS;
+
+internal static class RegistryUtil
+{
+    private static readonly Type? RegistryKeyType;
+    private static readonly Type? RegistryHiveType;
+    private static readonly Type? RegistryViewType;
+    private static readonly System.Reflection.MethodInfo? OpenBaseKeyMethod;
+    private static readonly System.Reflection.MethodInfo? OpenSubKeyMethod;
+    private static readonly System.Reflection.MethodInfo? GetSubKeyNamesMethod;
+    private static readonly System.Reflection.MethodInfo? GetValueMethod;
+
+    static RegistryUtil()
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            RegistryKeyType = Type.GetType("Microsoft.Win32.RegistryKey");
+            RegistryHiveType = Type.GetType("Microsoft.Win32.RegistryHive");
+            RegistryViewType = Type.GetType("Microsoft.Win32.RegistryView");
+
+            if (RegistryKeyType == null || RegistryHiveType == null || RegistryViewType == null)
+            {
+                var mscorlib = typeof(object).Assembly;
+                RegistryKeyType = mscorlib.GetType("Microsoft.Win32.RegistryKey");
+                RegistryHiveType = mscorlib.GetType("Microsoft.Win32.RegistryHive");
+                RegistryViewType = mscorlib.GetType("Microsoft.Win32.RegistryView");
+            }
+
+            if (RegistryKeyType != null)
+            {
+                OpenBaseKeyMethod = RegistryKeyType.GetMethod("OpenBaseKey", new[] { RegistryHiveType!, RegistryViewType! });
+                OpenSubKeyMethod = RegistryKeyType.GetMethod("OpenSubKey", new[] { typeof(string) });
+                GetSubKeyNamesMethod = RegistryKeyType.GetMethod("GetSubKeyNames");
+                GetValueMethod = RegistryKeyType.GetMethod("GetValue", new[] { typeof(string) });
+            }
+        }
+        catch
+        {
+            // ignored
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void CloseKey(object? key)
+    {
+        if (key == null || RegistryKeyType == null) return;
+        try
+        {
+            if (key is IDisposable disposable)
+            {
+                disposable.Dispose();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                var closeMethod = RegistryKeyType.GetMethod("Close");
+                closeMethod?.Invoke(key, null);
+            }
+        }
+        catch
+        {
+            // ignored
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ReSharper disable once InconsistentNaming
+    public static string[]? GetHKLMSubKeyNames(string parentKeyPath)
+    {
+        if (RegistryKeyType == null || OpenBaseKeyMethod == null || OpenSubKeyMethod == null || GetSubKeyNamesMethod == null)
+            return null;
+
+        try
+        {
+            object hiveLocalMachine = Enum.ToObject(RegistryHiveType!, 0x80000002);
+            object viewRegistry64 = Enum.ToObject(RegistryViewType!, 256);
+
+            object? baseKey = OpenBaseKeyMethod.Invoke(null, new[] { hiveLocalMachine, viewRegistry64 });
+            if (baseKey == null) return null;
+
+            object? key = OpenSubKeyMethod.Invoke(baseKey, new object[] { parentKeyPath });
+            if (key == null)
+            {
+                CloseKey(baseKey);
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            string[]? subkeyNames = GetSubKeyNamesMethod.Invoke(key, null) as string[];
+            CloseKey(key);
+            CloseKey(baseKey);
+            return subkeyNames;
+        }
+        catch
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ReSharper disable once InconsistentNaming
+    public static string? GetHKLMValue(string keyPath, string valueName)
+    {
+        if (RegistryKeyType == null || OpenBaseKeyMethod == null || OpenSubKeyMethod == null || GetValueMethod == null)
+            return null;
+
+        try
+        {
+            object hiveLocalMachine = Enum.ToObject(RegistryHiveType!, 0x80000002);
+            object viewRegistry64 = Enum.ToObject(RegistryViewType!, 256);
+
+            object? baseKey = OpenBaseKeyMethod.Invoke(null, new[] { hiveLocalMachine, viewRegistry64 });
+            if (baseKey == null) return null;
+
+            object? key = OpenSubKeyMethod.Invoke(baseKey, new object[] { keyPath });
+            if (key == null)
+            {
+                CloseKey(baseKey);
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            string? value = GetValueMethod.Invoke(key, new object[] { valueName }) as string;
+            CloseKey(key);
+            CloseKey(baseKey);
+            return value;
+        }
+        catch
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+}

Util/OSNotification.cs

@@ -1,578 +0,0 @@
-using System;
-using System.Diagnostics;
-using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
-using System.Threading;
-using MelonLoader;
-
-namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util
-{
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Sends native desktop notifications on Windows, macOS, and Linux.
-    /// <para>
-    /// - <b>Windows</b>: Uses Win32 <c>Shell_NotifyIcon</c> (system tray balloon) via P/Invoke.
-    ///   No PowerShell, no UWP, no WinRT dependencies.
-    /// </para>
-    /// <para>
-    /// - <b>macOS</b>: Uses <c>osascript</c> with AppleScript's <c>display notification</c>.
-    /// </para>
-    /// <para>
-    /// - <b>Linux</b>: Uses <c>notify-send</c> (libnotify) with <c>xdg-open</c> for folder actions.
-    /// </para>
-    /// </summary>
-    internal static class OSNotification
-    {
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Sends a native desktop notification.
-        /// If <paramref name="folderPath"/> is provided, Windows and Linux will attempt to open
-        /// the folder when the notification is clicked/dismissed.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="title">The notification title.</param>
-        /// <param name="message">The notification body text.</param>
-        /// <param name="folderPath">Optional folder path to open on click (Windows balloon click / Linux action).</param>
-        public static void Show(string title, string message, string? folderPath = null)
-        {
-            try
-            {
-                if (RuntimeInformation.IsOSPlatform(OSPlatform.Windows))
-                {
-                    WindowsNotification.Send(title, message, folderPath);
-                }
-                else if (RuntimeInformation.IsOSPlatform(OSPlatform.OSX))
-                {
-                    MacNotification.Send(title, message);
-                }
-                else if (RuntimeInformation.IsOSPlatform(OSPlatform.Linux))
-                {
-                    LinuxNotification.Send(title, message, folderPath);
-                }
-            }
-            catch (Exception ex)
-            {
-                MelonLogger.Warning($"[OSNotification] Failed to send notification: {ex.Message}");
-            }
-        }
-
-        #region Windows — Toast (primary) + Shell_NotifyIcon (fallback)
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Windows notification with two strategies:
-        /// <para>1. <b>Toast</b> via PowerShell — persists in Action Center.</para>
-        /// <para>2. <b>Shell_NotifyIcon balloon</b> via P/Invoke — fallback if toast fails.</para>
-        /// </summary>
-        private static class WindowsNotification
-        {
-            public static void Send(string title, string message, string? folderPath)
-            {
-                var thread = new Thread(() =>
-                {
-                    try
-                    {
-                        if (!TrySendToast(title, message, folderPath))
-                        {
-                            SendBalloon(title, message, folderPath);
-                        }
-                    }
-                    catch (Exception ex)
-                    {
-                        MelonLogger.Warning($"[OSNotification] Windows notification failed: {ex.Message}");
-                    }
-                })
-                {
-                    IsBackground = true,
-                    Name = "OSNotification-Win"
-                };
-                thread.Start();
-            }
-
-            #region Toast via PowerShell
-
-            /// <summary>
-            /// Attempts to show a Windows Toast notification via PowerShell.
-            /// Returns true if the process launched successfully, false otherwise.
-            /// </summary>
-            private static bool TrySendToast(string title, string message, string? folderPath)
-            {
-                try
-                {
-                    string xmlTitle = System.Security.SecurityElement.Escape(title) ?? title;
-                    string xmlMessage = System.Security.SecurityElement.Escape(message) ?? message;
-
-                    string toastXml;
-                    string psScript;
-
-                    if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(folderPath))
-                    {
-                        var escapedFolder = folderPath.Replace("'", "''");
-
-                        toastXml =
-                            "<toast launch=\"adofai-renderer://\" activationType=\"protocol\">" +
-                            "<visual><binding template=\"ToastGeneric\">" +
-                            $"<text>{xmlTitle}</text><text>{xmlMessage}</text>" +
-                            "</binding></visual>" +
-                            "<actions>" +
-                            "<action content=\"Open Render Folder\" arguments=\"adofai-renderer://\" activationType=\"protocol\"/>" +
-                            "</actions></toast>";
-
-                        psScript =
-                            "$protocolPath = 'HKCU:\\Software\\Classes\\adofai-renderer'\n" +
-                            "$null = New-Item -Path $protocolPath -Force\n" +
-                            "$null = New-ItemProperty -Path $protocolPath -Name 'URL Protocol' -Value '' -PropertyType String -Force\n" +
-                            "Set-Item -Path $protocolPath -Value 'URL:adofai-renderer Protocol' | Out-Null\n" +
-                            "$cmdPath = \"$protocolPath\\shell\\open\\command\"\n" +
-                            "$null = New-Item -Path $cmdPath -Force\n" +
-                            $"Set-Item -Path $cmdPath -Value 'explorer.exe \"{escapedFolder}\"' | Out-Null\n" +
-                            "[Windows.UI.Notifications.ToastNotificationManager, Windows.UI.Notifications, ContentType = WindowsRuntime] | Out-Null\n" +
-                            "[Windows.Data.Xml.Dom.XmlDocument, Windows.Data, ContentType = WindowsRuntime] | Out-Null\n" +
-                            "$xml = [Windows.Data.Xml.Dom.XmlDocument]::new()\n" +
-                            $"$xml.LoadXml('{toastXml}')\n" +
-                            "[Windows.UI.Notifications.ToastNotificationManager]::CreateToastNotifier('ADOFAI Renderer').Show([Windows.UI.Notifications.ToastNotification]::new($xml))";
-                    }
-                    else
-                    {
-                        toastXml =
-                            "<toast><visual><binding template=\"ToastGeneric\">" +
-                            $"<text>{xmlTitle}</text><text>{xmlMessage}</text>" +
-                            "</binding></visual></toast>";
-
-                        psScript =
-                            "[Windows.UI.Notifications.ToastNotificationManager, Windows.UI.Notifications, ContentType = WindowsRuntime] | Out-Null\n" +
-                            "[Windows.Data.Xml.Dom.XmlDocument, Windows.Data, ContentType = WindowsRuntime] | Out-Null\n" +
-                            "$xml = [Windows.Data.Xml.Dom.XmlDocument]::new()\n" +
-                            $"$xml.LoadXml('{toastXml}')\n" +
-                            "[Windows.UI.Notifications.ToastNotificationManager]::CreateToastNotifier('ADOFAI Renderer').Show([Windows.UI.Notifications.ToastNotification]::new($xml))";
-                    }
-
-                    byte[] bytes = System.Text.Encoding.Unicode.GetBytes(psScript);
-                    string base64 = Convert.ToBase64String(bytes);
-
-                    var startInfo = new ProcessStartInfo
-                    {
-                        FileName = "powershell.exe",
-                        Arguments = $"-NoProfile -NonInteractive -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -EncodedCommand {base64}",
-                        CreateNoWindow = true,
-                        UseShellExecute = false,
-                        RedirectStandardError = true,
-                        WindowStyle = ProcessWindowStyle.Hidden
-                    };
-
-                    using var process = new Process();
-                    process.StartInfo = startInfo;
-                    process.Start();
-                    process.WaitForExit(5000);
-
-                    // If PowerShell exited with error, treat as failure
-                    if (process.ExitCode != 0)
-                    {
-                        string stderr = process.StandardError.ReadToEnd().Trim();
-                        if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(stderr))
-                            MelonLogger.Warning($"[OSNotification] Toast failed (using fallback): {stderr}");
-                        return false;
-                    }
-
-                    return true;
-                }
-                catch (Exception ex)
-                {
-                    MelonLogger.Warning($"[OSNotification] Toast failed (using fallback): {ex.Message}");
-                    return false;
-                }
-            }
-
-            #endregion
-
-            #region Balloon via Shell_NotifyIcon
-
-            // ReSharper disable InconsistentNaming
-            private const int NIM_ADD = 0x00;
-            private const int NIM_DELETE = 0x02;
-
-            private const int NIF_MESSAGE = 0x01;
-            private const int NIF_ICON = 0x02;
-            private const int NIF_TIP = 0x04;
-            private const int NIF_INFO = 0x10;
-
-            private const int NIIF_INFO = 0x01;
-
-            private const int WM_USER = 0x0400;
-            private const int WM_TRAYICON = WM_USER + 1;
-            private const int NIN_BALLOONUSERCLICK = 0x0405;
-
-            private const int WS_OVERLAPPED = 0x00000000;
-            private const uint WM_CLOSE = 0x0010;
-            private const int TRAY_ICON_UID = 29471;
-            // ReSharper restore InconsistentNaming
-
-            [DllImport("shell32.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)]
-            private static extern bool Shell_NotifyIconW(int dwMessage, ref NotifyIconDataW lpData);
-
-            [DllImport("user32.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)]
-            private static extern IntPtr CreateWindowExW(
-                int dwExStyle, string lpClassName, string lpWindowName,
-                int dwStyle, int x, int y, int nWidth, int nHeight,
-                IntPtr hWndParent, IntPtr hMenu, IntPtr hInstance, IntPtr lpParam);
-
-            [DllImport("user32.dll")]
-            [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
-            private static extern bool DestroyWindow(IntPtr hWnd);
-
-            [DllImport("user32.dll")]
-            private static extern IntPtr LoadIconW(IntPtr hInstance, IntPtr lpIconName);
-
-            [DllImport("user32.dll")]
-            [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
-            private static extern bool GetMessageW(out Msg lpMsg, IntPtr hWnd, uint wMsgFilterMin, uint wMsgFilterMax);
-
-            [DllImport("user32.dll")]
-            private static extern IntPtr TranslateMessage(ref Msg lpMsg);
-
-            [DllImport("user32.dll")]
-            private static extern IntPtr DispatchMessageW(ref Msg lpMsg);
-
-            [DllImport("user32.dll")]
-            [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
-            private static extern bool PostMessageW(IntPtr hWnd, uint msg, IntPtr wParam, IntPtr lParam);
-
-            [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)]
-            private struct NotifyIconDataW
-            {
-                public int cbSize;
-                public IntPtr hWnd;
-                public int uID;
-                public int uFlags;
-                public int uCallbackMessage;
-                public IntPtr hIcon;
-                [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.ByValTStr, SizeConst = 128)]
-                public string szTip;
-                public int dwState;
-                public int dwStateMask;
-                [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.ByValTStr, SizeConst = 256)]
-                public string szInfo;
-                public int uTimeoutOrVersion;
-                [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.ByValTStr, SizeConst = 64)]
-                public string szInfoTitle;
-                public int dwInfoFlags;
-            }
-
-            [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
-            private struct Msg
-            {
-                public IntPtr hwnd;
-                public uint message;
-                public IntPtr wParam;
-                public IntPtr lParam;
-                public uint time;
-                public int pt_x;
-                public int pt_y;
-            }
-
-            private static void SendBalloon(string title, string message, string? folderPath)
-            {
-                if (title.Length > 63) title = title.Substring(0, 63);
-                if (message.Length > 255) message = message.Substring(0, 255);
-
-                IntPtr hWnd = IntPtr.Zero;
-                var nid = new NotifyIconDataW();
-
-                try
-                {
-                    var hwndMessage = new IntPtr(-3);
-                    hWnd = CreateWindowExW(
-                        0, "Static", "ADOFAIRendererNotify",
-                        WS_OVERLAPPED, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-                        hwndMessage, IntPtr.Zero, IntPtr.Zero, IntPtr.Zero);
-
-                    if (hWnd == IntPtr.Zero)
-                    {
-                        MelonLogger.Warning("[OSNotification] Cannot create message window.");
-                        return;
-                    }
-
-                    IntPtr hIcon = LoadIconW(IntPtr.Zero, (IntPtr)32512);
-
-                    nid.cbSize = Marshal.SizeOf(typeof(NotifyIconDataW));
-                    nid.hWnd = hWnd;
-                    nid.uID = TRAY_ICON_UID;
-                    nid.uFlags = NIF_MESSAGE | NIF_ICON | NIF_TIP | NIF_INFO;
-                    nid.uCallbackMessage = WM_TRAYICON;
-                    nid.hIcon = hIcon;
-                    nid.szTip = "ADOFAI Renderer";
-                    nid.szInfo = message;
-                    nid.szInfoTitle = title;
-                    nid.dwInfoFlags = NIIF_INFO;
-                    nid.uTimeoutOrVersion = 4;
-
-                    Shell_NotifyIconW(NIM_ADD, ref nid);
-
-                    if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(folderPath))
-                    {
-                        var capturedFolder = folderPath;
-                        var closeTimer = new System.Threading.Timer(_ =>
-                        {
-                            try { PostMessageW(hWnd, WM_CLOSE, IntPtr.Zero, IntPtr.Zero); }
-                            catch { /* ignored */ }
-                        }, null, 12000, Timeout.Infinite);
-
-                        try
-                        {
-                            while (GetMessageW(out var msg, IntPtr.Zero, 0, 0))
-                            {
-                                if (msg.message == WM_CLOSE)
-                                    break;
-
-                                if (msg.message == WM_TRAYICON)
-                                {
-                                    int notifyMsg = (int)(long)msg.lParam;
-                                    if (notifyMsg == NIN_BALLOONUSERCLICK)
-                                    {
-                                        try
-                                        {
-                                            var psi = new ProcessStartInfo();
-                                            psi.FileName = capturedFolder;
-                                            psi.UseShellExecute = true;
-                                            Process.Start(psi);
-                                        }
-                                        catch (Exception ex)
-                                        {
-                                            MelonLogger.Warning(
-                                                $"[OSNotification] Cannot open folder: {ex.Message}");
-                                        }
-
-                                        break;
-                                    }
-                                }
-
-                                TranslateMessage(ref msg);
-                                DispatchMessageW(ref msg);
-                            }
-                        }
-                        finally
-                        {
-                            closeTimer.Dispose();
-                        }
-                    }
-                    else
-                    {
-                        Thread.Sleep(500);
-                    }
-                }
-                catch (Exception ex)
-                {
-                    MelonLogger.Warning($"[OSNotification] Balloon notification failed: {ex.Message}");
-                }
-                finally
-                {
-                    if (hWnd != IntPtr.Zero)
-                    {
-                        nid.uFlags = 0;
-                        Shell_NotifyIconW(NIM_DELETE, ref nid);
-                        DestroyWindow(hWnd);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-
-            #endregion
-        }
-
-        #endregion
-
-        #region macOS — osascript
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// macOS notification using <c>osascript -e 'display notification ...'</c>.
-        /// </summary>
-        private static class MacNotification
-        {
-            public static void Send(string title, string message)
-            {
-                // AppleScript string escaping: backslash and double-quote
-                string escapedTitle = EscapeAppleScript(title);
-                string escapedMessage = EscapeAppleScript(message);
-
-                // Use ProcessStartInfo with ArgumentList to avoid shell-level escaping issues.
-                // Each argument is passed directly to the process without shell interpretation.
-                var script =
-                    $"display notification \"{escapedMessage}\" with title \"{escapedTitle}\"";
-
-                var startInfo = new ProcessStartInfo
-                {
-                    FileName = "osascript",
-                    CreateNoWindow = true,
-                    UseShellExecute = false,
-                    WindowStyle = ProcessWindowStyle.Hidden
-                };
-                startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("-e");
-                startInfo.ArgumentList.Add(script);
-
-                RunProcess(startInfo);
-            }
-
-            private static string EscapeAppleScript(string value)
-            {
-                // In AppleScript string literals, escape backslash and double-quote
-                return value
-                    .Replace("\\", "\\\\")
-                    .Replace("\"", "\\\"");
-            }
-        }
-
-        #endregion
-
-        #region Linux — notify-send / gdbus
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Linux notification using <c>notify-send</c> (libnotify CLI).
-        /// Falls back to <c>gdbus</c> (D-Bus direct call) if notify-send is unavailable.
-        /// </summary>
-        private static class LinuxNotification
-        {
-            public static void Send(string title, string message, string? folderPath)
-            {
-                if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(folderPath))
-                {
-                    ShowWithAction(title, message, folderPath);
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    ShowSimple(title, message);
-                }
-            }
-
-            private static void ShowSimple(string title, string message)
-            {
-                // Try notify-send first
-                if (TryNotifySend(title, message))
-                    return;
-
-                // Fallback to gdbus
-                TryGdbus(title, message);
-            }
-
-            private static void ShowWithAction(string title, string message, string folderPath)
-            {
-                // Run on a background thread because notify-send with --action blocks
-                // until the notification is dismissed or the action is clicked.
-                System.Threading.Tasks.Task.Run(() =>
-                {
-                    try
-                    {
-                        var startInfo = new ProcessStartInfo
-                        {
-                            FileName = "notify-send",
-                            CreateNoWindow = true,
-                            UseShellExecute = false,
-                            RedirectStandardOutput = true,
-                            WindowStyle = ProcessWindowStyle.Hidden
-                        };
-                        startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("-a");
-                        startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("ADOFAI Renderer");
-                        startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("--action=open_folder=Open Render Folder");
-                        startInfo.ArgumentList.Add(title);
-                        startInfo.ArgumentList.Add(message);
-
-                        using var process = new Process();
-                        process.StartInfo = startInfo;
-                        process.Start();
-                        string output = process.StandardOutput.ReadToEnd().Trim();
-                        process.WaitForExit();
-
-                        if (output == "open_folder")
-                        {
-                            var openInfo = new ProcessStartInfo
-                            {
-                                FileName = "xdg-open",
-                                CreateNoWindow = true,
-                                UseShellExecute = false,
-                                WindowStyle = ProcessWindowStyle.Hidden
-                            };
-                            openInfo.ArgumentList.Add(folderPath);
-
-                            RunProcess(openInfo);
-                        }
-                    }
-                    catch (Exception ex)
-                    {
-                        MelonLogger.Warning($"[OSNotification] Linux notification processing failed: {ex.Message}");
-
-                        // Fallback: show without action
-                        ShowSimple(title, message);
-                    }
-                });
-            }
-
-            private static bool TryNotifySend(string title, string message)
-            {
-                try
-                {
-                    var startInfo = new ProcessStartInfo
-                    {
-                        FileName = "notify-send",
-                        CreateNoWindow = true,
-                        UseShellExecute = false,
-                        WindowStyle = ProcessWindowStyle.Hidden
-                    };
-                    startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("-a");
-                    startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("ADOFAI Renderer");
-                    startInfo.ArgumentList.Add(title);
-                    startInfo.ArgumentList.Add(message);
-
-                    RunProcess(startInfo);
-                    return true;
-                }
-                catch
-                {
-                    return false;
-                }
-            }
-
-            private static void TryGdbus(string title, string message)
-            {
-                try
-                {
-                    // Direct D-Bus call to org.freedesktop.Notifications
-                    var startInfo = new ProcessStartInfo
-                    {
-                        FileName = "gdbus",
-                        CreateNoWindow = true,
-                        UseShellExecute = false,
-                        WindowStyle = ProcessWindowStyle.Hidden
-                    };
-                    startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("call");
-                    startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("--session");
-                    startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("--dest=org.freedesktop.Notifications");
-                    startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("--object-path=/org/freedesktop/Notifications");
-                    startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("--method=org.freedesktop.Notifications.Notify");
-                    startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("ADOFAI Renderer"); // app_name
-                    startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("0");                // replaces_id
-                    startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("");                 // app_icon
-                    startInfo.ArgumentList.Add(title);              // summary
-                    startInfo.ArgumentList.Add(message);            // body
-                    startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("[]");               // actions
-                    startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("{}");               // hints
-                    startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("-1");               // expire_timeout
-
-                    RunProcess(startInfo);
-                }
-                catch (Exception ex)
-                {
-                    MelonLogger.Warning($"[OSNotification] gdbus notification failed: {ex.Message}");
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        #endregion
-
-        #region Shared utility
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Starts a process fire-and-forget. Does not redirect output or wait for exit.
-        /// </summary>
-        private static void RunProcess(ProcessStartInfo startInfo)
-        {
-            using var process = new Process();
-            process.StartInfo = startInfo;
-            process.Start();
-        }
-
-        #endregion
-    }
-}

Util/RegistryUtil.cs

@@ -1,130 +0,0 @@
-using System;
-
-namespace ADOFAIRenderer.Util
-{
-    internal static class RegistryUtil
-    {
-        private static readonly Type? RegistryKeyType;
-        private static readonly Type? RegistryHiveType;
-        private static readonly Type? RegistryViewType;
-        private static readonly System.Reflection.MethodInfo? OpenBaseKeyMethod;
-        private static readonly System.Reflection.MethodInfo? OpenSubKeyMethod;
-        private static readonly System.Reflection.MethodInfo? GetSubKeyNamesMethod;
-        private static readonly System.Reflection.MethodInfo? GetValueMethod;
-
-        static RegistryUtil()
-        {
-            try
-            {
-                RegistryKeyType = Type.GetType("Microsoft.Win32.RegistryKey");
-                RegistryHiveType = Type.GetType("Microsoft.Win32.RegistryHive");
-                RegistryViewType = Type.GetType("Microsoft.Win32.RegistryView");
-
-                if (RegistryKeyType == null || RegistryHiveType == null || RegistryViewType == null)
-                {
-                    var mscorlib = typeof(object).Assembly;
-                    RegistryKeyType = mscorlib.GetType("Microsoft.Win32.RegistryKey");
-                    RegistryHiveType = mscorlib.GetType("Microsoft.Win32.RegistryHive");
-                    RegistryViewType = mscorlib.GetType("Microsoft.Win32.RegistryView");
-                }
-
-                if (RegistryKeyType != null)
-                {
-                    OpenBaseKeyMethod = RegistryKeyType.GetMethod("OpenBaseKey", new[] { RegistryHiveType!, RegistryViewType! });
-                    OpenSubKeyMethod = RegistryKeyType.GetMethod("OpenSubKey", new[] { typeof(string) });
-                    GetSubKeyNamesMethod = RegistryKeyType.GetMethod("GetSubKeyNames");
-                    GetValueMethod = RegistryKeyType.GetMethod("GetValue", new[] { typeof(string) });
-                }
-            }
-            catch
-            {
-                // ignored
-            }
-        }
-
-        private static void CloseKey(object? key)
-        {
-            if (key == null || RegistryKeyType == null) return;
-            try
-            {
-                if (key is IDisposable disposable)
-                {
-                    disposable.Dispose();
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    var closeMethod = RegistryKeyType.GetMethod("Close");
-                    closeMethod?.Invoke(key, null);
-                }
-            }
-            catch
-            {
-                // ignored
-            }
-        }
-
-        // ReSharper disable once InconsistentNaming
-        public static string[]? GetHKLMSubKeyNames(string parentKeyPath)
-        {
-            if (RegistryKeyType == null || OpenBaseKeyMethod == null || OpenSubKeyMethod == null || GetSubKeyNamesMethod == null)
-                return null;
-
-            try
-            {
-                object hiveLocalMachine = Enum.ToObject(RegistryHiveType!, 0x80000002);
-                object viewRegistry64 = Enum.ToObject(RegistryViewType!, 256);
-
-                object? baseKey = OpenBaseKeyMethod.Invoke(null, new[] { hiveLocalMachine, viewRegistry64 });
-                if (baseKey == null) return null;
-
-                object? key = OpenSubKeyMethod.Invoke(baseKey, new object[] { parentKeyPath });
-                if (key == null)
-                {
-                    CloseKey(baseKey);
-                    return null;
-                }
-
-                string[]? subkeyNames = GetSubKeyNamesMethod.Invoke(key, null) as string[];
-                CloseKey(key);
-                CloseKey(baseKey);
-                return subkeyNames;
-            }
-            catch
-            {
-                return null;
-            }
-        }
-
-        // ReSharper disable once InconsistentNaming
-        public static string? GetHKLMValue(string keyPath, string valueName)
-        {
-            if (RegistryKeyType == null || OpenBaseKeyMethod == null || OpenSubKeyMethod == null || GetValueMethod == null)
-                return null;
-
-            try
-            {
-                object hiveLocalMachine = Enum.ToObject(RegistryHiveType!, 0x80000002);
-                object viewRegistry64 = Enum.ToObject(RegistryViewType!, 256);
-
-                object? baseKey = OpenBaseKeyMethod.Invoke(null, new[] { hiveLocalMachine, viewRegistry64 });
-                if (baseKey == null) return null;
-
-                object? key = OpenSubKeyMethod.Invoke(baseKey, new object[] { keyPath });
-                if (key == null)
-                {
-                    CloseKey(baseKey);
-                    return null;
-                }
-
-                string? value = GetValueMethod.Invoke(key, new object[] { valueName }) as string;
-                CloseKey(key);
-                CloseKey(baseKey);
-                return value;
-            }
-            catch
-            {
-                return null;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}

Util/VideoBGPlayer.cs

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ internal class VideoBGPlayer : MonoBehaviour
     private static readonly int UTex = Shader.PropertyToID("_UTex");
     private static readonly int VTex = Shader.PropertyToID("_VTex");
     private static readonly int ColorRange = Shader.PropertyToID("ColorRange");
+    private static readonly int ColorMatrix = Shader.PropertyToID("ColorMatrix");
 
     [SuppressMessage("ReSharper", "InconsistentNaming")]
     private enum GPUMode
@@ -189,6 +190,14 @@ internal class VideoBGPlayer : MonoBehaviour
         var vidOffset = scrVfxPlus.instance ? scrVfxPlus.instance.vidOffset : 0.0;
         var targetVideoTime = songTime + vidOffset;
 
+        // When looping is enabled, the playback position is the elapsed time wrapped into [0, Duration).
+        // When it is disabled, the position keeps increasing and the last frame stays on screen after the end.
+        var videoDuration = _decoder.Duration;
+        if (_isLooping && targetVideoTime >= 0 && videoDuration > 0)
+        {
+            targetVideoTime %= videoDuration;
+        }
+
         if (targetVideoTime < 0)
         {
             if (_targetTexture)
@@ -307,6 +316,7 @@ internal class VideoBGPlayer : MonoBehaviour
             _computeShader.SetInt(Width, w);
             _computeShader.SetInt(Height, h);
             _computeShader.SetInt(ColorRange, _decoder.ColorRange == AVColorRange.AVCOL_RANGE_JPEG ? 1 : 0);
+            _computeShader.SetInt(ColorMatrix, _decoder.ColorMatrix);
 
             int threadGroupsX = (w + 7) / 8;
             int threadGroupsY = (h + 7) / 8;
@@ -341,6 +351,7 @@ internal class VideoBGPlayer : MonoBehaviour
             _computeShader.SetInt(Width, w);
             _computeShader.SetInt(Height, h);
             _computeShader.SetInt(ColorRange, _decoder.ColorRange == AVColorRange.AVCOL_RANGE_JPEG ? 1 : 0);
+            _computeShader.SetInt(ColorMatrix, _decoder.ColorMatrix);
 
             int threadGroupsX = (w + 7) / 8;
             int threadGroupsY = (h + 7) / 8;